1. LEQ-Causation

2. About the LEQ
You are required to answer one Long Essay Question on the exam. You have 35 minutes to do so.
This section is 15% of your total exam score.
You will be given a choice between two comparable long essay options – this is an opportunity for you to demonstrate what you know best.

3. About the LEQ: Causation
Ability to identify, analyze, and evaluate the relationships among multiple historical causes and effects, distinguishing between those that are long-term and proximate, and among coincidence, causation, and correlation.
Students should be able to:
Compare cause and/or effect, including between short-term and long-term effects
Analyze and evaluate the interaction of multiple causes and/or effects
Assess historical contingency by distinguishing among coincidence, causation, and correlation

4. LEQ: Causation Rubric Each LEQ is a six (6) point rubric
1 point Thesis and argument development
1 point—presents a thesis that makes a historically defensible claim and responds to all parts of the question. The thesis must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or conclusion.
2 points Argument Development: Using Targeted Historical Thinking Skill
1 point—describes causes and/or effects of a historical event, development or process
1 point—explains the reasons for the causes and/or effects of a historical event, development or process
Scoring note: If the prompt requires discussion of both causes and effects, responses must address both causes and effects in order to earn both points.

5. LEQ: Causation Rubric 2 points Argument development using evidence
1 point—addresses the topic of the question with specific examples of relevant evidence.
1 point—utilizes specific examples of evidence to fully and effectively substantiate the stated thesis or a relevant argument.
Scoring note: to fully and effectively substantiate the stated thesis or a relevant argument, responses must include a broad range of evidence that through analysis and explanation, justifies the stated thesis or a relevant argument.

6. LEQ: Causation Rubric (cont.)
1 point Synthesis
Extends the argument by explaining the connections between the argument and one of the following:
a) A different time historical period, situation, era, or geographic area.
b) A course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic, social, cultural, or intellectual history)
c) A different discipline or field of inquiry (such as economics, government and politics, art history, or anthropology).
Scoring Note: The synthesis point requires an explanation of the connections to different historical period, situation, era, or geographical area, and is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference.

7. LEQ Organization-Causation
Introduction
Historical Context
Last sentence: Thesis
Paragraph 1: Argument #1
Topic Sentence
FEED: facts, examples (specific), explanation, discussion of significance
Paragraph 2: Argument #2
Paragraph 3: Argument #3
Conclusion
Synthesis
Restatement of thesis

8. Cause and Effect Essays
A cause-effect essay can do one of two things:
It can analyze the ways in which one or more effects result from a particular cause. (Focus-on-Effects Method)
It can analyze the ways in which one or more causes lead to a particular effect. (Focus-on-Causes Method)
In other words, your essay may focus more on the effects of a cause or more on the causes of one effect.
Analyze what the question is asking you.

9. Causation Prompt on page #355
Explain how economic developments on the European continent in the period from 1450 to contributed to the creation of the first truly global economy.
This prompt is asking you what causes (economic developments) contributed to a particular effect (first global economy)
Address the prompt with your three arguments
During the time period 1450 to _____________, _______________, and ______________ all contributed to the creation of the first truly global economy.

10. Addressing both long-term and short-term causes and effects
Prompt: Explain how economic developments on the European continent in the period from 1450 to contributed to the creation of the first truly global economy.
If a prompt has both cause and effect, you must address both
In this prompt you will address both “economic development” and “global economy”
Speak to short-term causes and effects and long-term causes and effects

11. Create your chart or outline
European Economic developments leading to First Global Economy
___________________ Top Three
___________________ 1. _______________________
___________________ a. …………………..
___________________ b. …………………..
___________________ c. ……………………
___________________ 2. ________________________
___________________ 3. _________________________
___________________ a. ……………………
___________________ c. …………………..

12. Organizing your arguments
Step #1. Organize your causes around three arguments. In some prompts these might be the SPICE themes.
Step #2. Rank or prioritize the arguments in order of importance. Determine two major causes and one minor one.
Step #3. Within the body of the essay, you must address why these were the causes of the topic under investigation.
Argument (cause) #1
Argument (cause) #2
Argument (cause) #3
First Global Economy

13. Long-term & short-term chart 1450 to 1750
Economic Developments leading to first Global Economy
Long Term Causes
Short Term Causes
Long Term Effects
Short Term Effects

14. Phrase that are commonly used to identify causation are:
“this led to….,” “immediately causing….,” a proximate cause being….,” the deep-rooted causes were….,” a change took place between….. and ….. because,” The underlying causes of….. had been …..,” “If it were not for…..,” “Consequently…..,” and “This stemmed from…..”

15. Long-term & short-term chart 1450 to 1750
Economic Developments leading to first Global Economy
Long Term Causes
Short Term Causes
Development of Joint-stock companies
Technological advances in sea navigation equipment & map making
Governmental legislation favorable to individual entrepreneurs
State building through exporting and limiting imports
Putting Out system
Long Term Effects
Short Term Effects
Mercantilist economic system
Easier to get across the Atlantic and get down the coast of Africa, and to South Asia, Southeast Asia, & East Asia
Capitalistic economic system
Colonization
More goods made for trade

16. Some possible economic developments Ethel Wood
Technological advances, such as the caravel, redesigned hulls, an improved magnetic compass, a perfected European cannon, and the astrolabe helped mariners cross the ocean more easily
The new mapmaking technique, the Mercator projection, made travel across the Atlantic more reliable
The development of capitalism encouraged private investment in voyages, and mercantilism encouraged governments to support ventures, especially across the Atlantic
The development of joint-stock companies allowed investors to share the risk of financing ventures
The putting out-system developed to insure that workers could be transferred to business owners

17. Some possible contributions to the global economy Ethel Wood
Commercial revolution—New systems of bookkeeping, banking, merchandizing, and investing allowed international trade to take place and establish patterns for trade
Mercantilism—established the responsibility of government to promote the state’s economy to improve tax revenue and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders. Mercantilism emphasized the advantages of allowing individuals to develop their own business initiatives and encouraged countries to seek markets and resources aboard.
Capitalism—this economic system is based on private ownership of property and businesses that produce goods bought and sold in a free market. Private individuals pursue their own economic interests, hire their own workers to decide which goods to produce. Capitalism in Europe came to be supported by institutions organized to promote the accumulation of wealth and the ease of buying and selling products—banks, investment organizations, and insurance underwriters.

18. Some possible contributions to the global economy (Continued)--Ethel Wood
Joint stock companies—organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares, often making a great deal of money for stockholders. If the business failed, all were damaged, but it was less likely that anyone would be completely ruined.
Putting-out system—Entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to workers in their homes, where they transformed them into finished products to be picked up later by the entrepreneur or his representative. Allowed businesses to expand and meet international demands.

19. Organizing your arguments
Step #1. Organize your causes around three arguments. In some prompts these might be the SPICE themes.
Step #2. Rank or prioritize the arguments in order of importance. Determine two major causes and one minor one.
Step #3. Within the body of the essay, you must address why these were the causes of the topic under investigation.
Technology #1
Joint-stock Co. #2
Merchantilism #3
First Global Economy