1. English Civil War ( )

2. Reasons for the English Civil War
In 1603, Elizabeth died. She never married, so there were no heirs to continue the Tudor Dynasty
Mary Stuart’s son James I became the King of England— started Stuart Dynasty in England

3. Reasons for the English Civil War
Queen Elizabeth recognized the importance of working with Parliament
James I did not; believed he should be absolute monarch because of Divine Right (God chooses royal families to rule); James I did not listen to Parliament
Major problems between Parliament & King over issues of Authority, Money, & Religion

4. Problems between the King and Parliament
Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style

5. Problems between the King and Parliament
Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament & were angered when James I arranged marriage of son (Charles) to a Catholic princess

6. Reasons for the English Civil War
When James I died in 1625, his son Charles I became king
Charles was “worse” than James:
Charles believed in divine right & absolute monarchy; refused to discuss ideas with Parliament—only called Parliament when he needed money

7. Reasons for the English Civil War
Parliament got fed up with Charles I & refused to give him money unless signed Petition of Rights in 1628:
King could not jail people without a good reason
King could not make taxes without Parliament's approval
King could not keep his soldiers in peoples’ homes & could not use army to maintain order during peacetime

8. Civil War
Charles I was really mad at Parliament & refused to call another Parliament for 11 years until he needed money to end revolts in Ireland & Scotland
Conflict between supporters of King (Royalists) & Parliament grew so bad that a civil war was inevitable

9. Civil War
War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) lasted for 5 years
Roundheads found a strong leader in Oliver Cromwell; Cromwell and Roundheads won & behead the king (1st public execution of a king)

10. After the Civil War
After the Civil War, a Commonwealth was created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament
Oliver Cromwell led the Commonwealth, but did not use democracy— he became a military dictator

11. New Commonwealth
Life in the Commonwealth was harsh because it was led by Cromwell & the Puritans; Forced strict religious rules on people of England:
It was illegal to go to theaters & sporting events; “merrymaking” & “amusement” were illegal
Citizens hated living this way & began to want to bring back a king again

12. The Restoration (1660)

13. Restoration
People grew tired of the severe, religious rule of Oliver Cromwell & the Puritans; many wanted a king again
In 1660, Charles I’s son became King of England—Charles II was called the “Merry Monarch” because he brought back theatres, sporting events, dancing & he got along with Parliament!!

14. Restoration
Charles II learned from the lessons of his father & grandfather:
Did not try to rule by Divine Right & did not threaten Parliament’s authority
Passed Habeas Corpus Law—everyone guaranteed a trial after arrest; cannot be held in jail forever
Anglicanism was official religion, but treated Puritans & Catholics equally

15. Restoration
During the Restoration, Parliament strengthened the Church of England—only Anglicans could attend universities, serve in Parliament, be priests in Anglican Church
Parliament created Constitutional Monarchy based on Magna Carta & Petition of Right (Guaranteed rights of people & limited king)

16. Restoration BUT, there were problems:
Charles II needed more money than Parliament was willing to give; so he made a secret agreement with Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism in exchange for money
Charles II had no children; when he died, his openly-Catholic brother James II will be king (Parliament's worst fear!!)

17. This is James II

18. Reasons for the Glorious Revolution
Parliament worried about what to do when Charles II dies; England’s 1st two political parties emerged—Whigs (opposed James II) & Tories (supported James II’s right to be king)

19. Reasons for the Glorious Revolution
Charles II died in 1685 & Catholic brother James II became king
James II wanted absolute power just like James I & Charles I (Oh, no!!)
James II claimed he had power to overturn Parliament’s laws & appoint Catholics to key gov’t positions; Parliament was furious!! (Whigs: We told you so! Tories: Oops, big mistake!)

20. Reasons for the Glorious Revolution
Parliament feared him, but waited for him to die so his Protestant daughter Mary would become queen; Mary was married to William of Orange (a powerful prince in the Netherlands)
BUT…James II had a “surprise” son & Parliament had to do something to stop the Stuart Dynasty from continuing

21. Glorious Revolution
Parliament asked Mary’s husband William to invade England & become king; William agreed
Everyone is thinking it’ll be another bloody civil war, BUT…
James II fled and William III & Mary II became king & queen without bloodshed (peaceful transfer of power)

22. English Bill of Rights
William & Mary agree to English Bill of Rights (individual rights & limits king):
Cannot overturn Parliament’s laws
Only Parliament can create taxes
Freedom of speech for Parliament
Citizens can criticize the king
Army can only be used in time of war; not used as police force
No excessive bail

23. Other Reforms
Cabinet was formed—a small group of advisors from Parliament to assist the king
Office of Prime Minister was created:
Served as head of the Cabinet, chief leader of Parliament, leader of Parliament’s majority party
First Political Parties were formed during the argument over James II (these evolved into modern Parties)

24. Limitations on Monarchy
Magna Carta (1215)
Petition of Right (1628)
Habeas Corpus (1679)
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Cabinet (1702) & Prime Minister (1727)