1. INDIRECT SPEECH

2. ❀ Quotation marks have to be used in a direct speech.
Direct Speech (Quoted Speech) refers to reproducing another person’s exact words.
It is used when you want to QUOTE the same words the speaker used.
❀ Quotation marks have to be used in a direct speech.

3. ❀❀❀ INDIRECT SPEECH ❀❀❀
Indirect Speech is also called Reported Speech.
It is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words.
Someone says something to you and later you want to tell someone else what was said. Hench on such occasions you can use indirect speech .
However, in an indirect speech, the tense should be changed; that is because when an indirect speech is used, it is always used to talk about a time in the past.
Quotation marks are not used in an indirect speech.
Sometimes an indirect speech will use a reporting verb such as tell, ask and say.

4. PUNCTUATION IN DIRECT SPEECH
When using direct speech in your writing you need to use the correct punctuation.
The exact words spoken must be enclosed in speech marks.
The first word of the speech must begin with a capital letter.
The words in the speech marks must be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
You must use a new line when a new speaker begins to speak.

5. HOW TO WRITE QUOTATIONS
Put a comma after said  Jane said,
Put quotation marks  Jane said, ”
Capitalize the first word of the quotation  Jane said, ”P
Write the quotation. Put a final period  Jane said, “Puppies are fun to watch.
Put quotation marks after the period  Jane said, “Puppies are fun to watch.”
When there are two (or more) sentences in a quotation, put the quotation marks at the beginning and end of the whole quote. Do not put quotation marks around each sentence.
As with a period, put the quotation marks after a question mark at the end of a quote.
Correct:
Mike said, “Yes, I agree. They are graceful and playful. Do you own a puppy?”
Incorrect:
Mike said, “Yes, I agree.” “they’re graceful and playful”. “do you own a puppy?”

6. Moonah said, “The handsome boy who is here is Udeen.”
“The handsome boy who is here,” Moonah said, ”is Udeen.”
“The handsome boy who is here is Udeen,” Moonah said.

7. Direct to Indirect Changing
Change of pronouns
Direct Speech:
John said, “I am coming.”
Indirect Speech:
John said that he was coming.

8. Direct to Indirect Changing
2. Change of tenses
Direct Speech:
John said, “I am coming.”
Indirect Speech:
   John said that he was coming.

9. Direct to Indirect Changing
3. Change of situations
Direct Speech:
John said, “I did this exercise last night.”
Indirect Speech:
  John said that he had done that exercise the previous night.
♣ Remember that indirect speech is always used to talk about a time in the past, so:
❀ 'this' becomes 'that'
❀ 'last night' becomes 'the previous night, because ‘last night’ that John mentioned won’t be the same night that the speaker mentioned.

10. Other example are as follows:
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
this
that
here
there
now
then, at that time
today
that day/yesterday
yesterday
the day before/the previous day
tomorrow
the next day/the following day
last week
the week before/the previous week
next month
the following month
ago
before

11. Other example are as follows:
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
tonight
that night/last night
last night
the night before/the previous night
this week
that week/last week
last month
the month before/the previous month
next year
the following year
two minutes ago
two minutes before
in one hour
one hour later

12. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH STATEMENTS
SUBJECT ( S )
REPORTING VERB
( RV )
She
said,
“I like this dress.”
“I bought it on sale.”
“I’ve worn it twice.”
INDIRECT SPEECH S RV
NOUN/
PRONOUN
told
Jim Me
(that)
she liked the dress.
she had bought it on sale.
she had worn it twice.

13. Change of Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
Sherlock said, “The police are troublesome.”
Sherlock said that the police were troublesome.

14. Change of Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT PROGGRESIVE
PAST PROGGRESIVE
Raina said, “Sakamoto is cutting the grass while other guys are playing soccer.”
Raina said that Sakamoto was cutting the grass while other guys were playing soccer.

15. Change of Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
Rahul said, “I have never lied before.”
Rahul said that he had never lied before.

16. Change of Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Jun said, “I have been reading a book.”
Jun said that he had been reading a book.

17. Change of Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH SIMPLE PAST
PAST PERFECT
Anderson said, “I made it.”
Anderson said that he had made it.

18. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Change of Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
PAST PROGRESSIVE
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Axel said, “My parents were going to my grandma’s house last night.”
Axel said his parents had been going to his grandma’s house the previous night.

19. Change of Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH SIMPLE FUTURE
PAST FUTURE
Sakamoto said, “My parents will come next month.”
Sakamoto said that his parents would come in the following month.

20. Change of Modals DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH SIMPLE FORM PAST FORM
Can
Could
May
Might
Have to
Had to
Must
Should
Should (no change)
Ought to
Ought to (no change)
He said, “I can climb a coconut tree.”
He said that he could climb a coconut tree.
She said, “I should fart.”
She said that she should fart.

21. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH IMPERATIVES
James said, “Drink milk!”
James said to drink milk.
James said, “Don’t drink the coffee.”
James told her not do drink the coffee.
● : Reporting Verb

22. ,

24. GRAMMAR EXPLANATION DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
E. Permission
Ms. Indah said, “You may use the phone.”
Ms. Indah permitted/allowed me to use the phone.
F. Advice
Father said, “You should relax more, so everything will go properly.”
Father encouraged me to relax more, so everything would go properly.

25. Other common verbs followed by a (pro)noun object and an infinitive:
Allow
Ask
Challenge
Convince
Direct
Expect
Instruct
Persuade
Urge
Remind
Order
Warn

27. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH SAY VS TELL
(a) Jane said that she was hungry.
Say is followed immediately by a noun clause.
(b) Jane told me that she was hungry.
(c) Jane told us that she was hungry.
(d) Jane told Adam that she was hungry.
(e) Jane told someone that she was hungry.
Tell is NOT immediately by a noun clause.
Tell is followed immediately by (pro)noun object
(e.g., me, us, Adam, someone) and then by a noun clause.

28. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH YES/NO QUESTIONS
SUBJECT
( S )
REPORTING VERB
( RV ) He
asked
“Do you have any experience?”
“Can you use computer?”
INDIRECT SPEECH S RV
NOUN/PRONUN
Jim me if
whether
he had any experience.
I could use computer.

29. YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH ASK IF
Ask, NOT say or tell, is used to report yes/no questions.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Jessica said to me, “Are you thirsty?”
Jessica said to Mirna, “Are you thirsty?”
NOUN CLAUSE
Jessica asked me if I was thirsty.
Jessica asked Mirna if she was thirsty.
If, NOT that, is used after ask to introduce a noun clause.
(c) INCORRECT:
Jessica asked me that I was thirsty.
Whether has the same meaning as if.
(d) Jessica asked me if I was thirsty.
(e) Jessica asked me whether I was thirsty.
The (pro)noun object (e.g., me) may be omitted after ask.
(f) Jessica asked if I was thirsty.
In addition to ask, yes/no questions can be reported by using want to know, wonder and inquire.
(g) Jessica wanted to know if I was thirsty.
(h) Jessica wondered if I was thirsty.
(i) Jessica inquired whether or not I was thirsty.

30. ADVISE, SUGGEST AND RECOMMED
(a) Moriarty advised me to call a doctor. (b) Moriarty advised calling a doctor. ❀ (a) and (b) have the same meaning. In (a): When advise is followed by a pro(noun) object, an infinitive is used. In (b): When there is no (pro)noun object, after advise, gerund is used.

31. ADVISE, SUGGEST AND RECOMMED
(c) Moriarty suggested calling a doctor. (d) Moriarty recommended calling a doctor. Suggest and recommend can also be followed immediately by a gerund.

32. ADVICE, SUGGEST AND RECOMMED
CORRECT
INCORRECT
Moriarty suggested that I should call a doctor.
Moriarty suggested me to call a doctor
Moriarty recommended that I should call a doctor.
Moriarty recommended me to call a doctor.
❀ Suggest and recommend cannot be followed by a (pro)noun object and an infinitive,
but they can be followed by a “that-clause” in which should is used.

33. Dendi said, “I am busy now.”
Michael asked me if I had ever gone to Paris.

34. Dina said, “Don’t bother me.”
Jemmy said to Regina, “You should calm yourself.
The vet told us (that) we ought to look after our pets well.

35. Our lecturer told us, “I have been a lecturer since three years ago.”
Cempaka asked her classmate what he was thinking of at that time.

36. Sumail said, “I saw the doctor yesterday.”
Clara told us, “My family will move into a new apartment next month.”
Alief wanted to know if We would have linguistics class the next day.

37. Jane said, “I was reading a novel last night.”
Rahma said that she had to finish her project that night.

38. Arteezy said, “I can’t afford to buy a brand-new cellphone.”
Ecan said, “When will you submit your proposal?”
Mr. Bean recommended that his turkey had to be cooked with various ingredients.

39. “I think you should lower your gaze.” Dellia said.
Julia allowed his brother to play with his friends in the backyard.

40. Wayne said to me, “Is Kate in love with me?”
He told me, “I’m looking forward to celebrating my birthday party this week.”
Fachri told Raudya (that) her face blushed while she was being made fun of.

41. My mother in-law said to me, “Can you recite Al-Qur’an?”
Ellen told Kane (that) she would be home the following year.

42. Sule said, “You may take a nap.”
Novita told us (that) she had been watching movies since that morning.
Ardha wondered when that semester ended.

43. ”Would you like to go to the movies?” Tani said.
Arsha said (that) she might be late to come to the class that day.
George said (that) he had been there at the party the previous month.