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Introduction and Overview of Network and Telecommunications (contd.)

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1 Introduction and Overview of Network and Telecommunications (contd.)

2 Review: Video: Warriors of the Net

3 Some Key Points Data is transmitted as packets.
Packets are handled by equipments at different layers. Each layer has its own protocol to follow. At each layer, information, or header, is added (or removed) based on the protocol before sending the packet to the lower (or higher) layer.

4 Why using “protocol layers”?

5 Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing Ticket Baggage Gate Takeoff/Landing Advantage of layering: information hiding and reuse Airplane routing airplane routing Layers: each layer implements a service by Perform certain actions within the layer Using the services of the layer directly below it

6 Protocols and Layers Protocols and layering is the main structure method used to divide up network functionality Each instance of a protocol talks virtually to its peer using the protocol Each instance of a protocol uses only the services of the lower layer

7 Internet protocol stack
Set of protocols in use in called a protocol stack e.g., web server e.g., web browser e.g., HTTP

8 Internet protocol stack
Application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP Transport: process-process data transfer TCP, UDP Internet: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements Ethernet, (WiFi), PPP Physical: bits “on the wire”

9 TCP vs. UDP: Two Communication Paradigms
Stream Message Connection-oriented Connectionless 1-1 communication 1-1, 1-many, many-many Sequence of bytes Sequence of messages Arbitrary length transfer Limited to 64K bytes Widely used Multimedia applications Based on TCP (Guaranteed) Built on UDP (Not Guaranteed)

10 Message (Connectionless) Transport In the Internet
UDP (message service) does not make any guarantees. A packet may be Lost Duplicated Delayed Delivered out-of-order

11 Why using message service?
No connection establishment Get straight to the point No connection state A server can support more active clients simultaneously Fine application-level control over what data is sent, and when

12 Some Examples TCP today: >95% Internet traffic
Application TCP or UDP? TCP Remote terminal access Web File transfer Streaming multimedia UDP, TCP Internet telephony Name translation Typically UDP Remote file server TCP today: >95% Internet traffic ~75% on-demand and live streaming

13 Encapsulation Encapsulation is the mechanism used to effect protocol layering Lower layer wraps higher layer content, adding its own information (header) to make a new message for delivery Like sending a letter in an envelope; postal service doesn’t look inside

14 <HTML><BODY>Hello World!</BODY></HTML>
HTTP message TCP HTTP message IP TCP HTTP message TCP HTTP message IP 802.11 Wire 802.11 IP TCP HTTP message IP TCP HTTP message TCP HTTP message HTTP message <HTML><BODY>HTML Example</BODY></HTML>

15 Another Illustration Think of these nesting dolls:

16 Why Using Packets? use the connection effectively and efficiently

17 Connections between Computers
Overhead Telephone and Telegraph Wires in Broadway, 1890 From Book of Old New York. Henry Collins Brown. 1913

18

19 Switch Model: Reducing the Mess
Analogy Airport hubs

20 Tie-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

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