1. Personal Health Care

2. Healthy Skin, Hair, and Nails

3. Your Skin The skin is the largest organ on the human body
Consists of 2 main layers:
Epidermis-the outer, thinner, layer of the skin that is composed of living and dead cells.
Cells in the epidermis make lipids, which make your skin waterproof
This waterproofing helps the body maintain a proper balance of water and electrolytes
Dermis-the thicker layer of the skin beneath the epidermis that is made up of connective tissue and contains blood vessels and nerves.
Power Up: What is the largest organ on the human body?

4. Your Skin
Melanin- produced by other cells, it is a pigment that gives the skin, hair and iris of the eyes their color.
The more melanin that your body produces, the darker the skin.
Helps protect the body from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation

5. 3 Main Functions to Keep You Healthy
Protection:
from pathogens and internal damage
Acts as a barrier to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering your system
Touch a hot stove and your hand immediately pulls back.

6. 3 Main Functions to Keep You Healthy
Temperature Control:
When your body temperature rises, the blood vessels in the skin dilate, allowing heat to escape through the skin’s surface
Sweat Glands-structures within the dermis that release perspiration through ducts to pores on the skin’s surface—cool the skin
If the body temperature begins to drop, the blood vessels in the skin constrict, reducing the amount of hear lost and helping to maintain body heat

7. 3 Main Functions to Keep You Healthy
Sensation:
Skin is a major sense organ
Nerve cells in the dermis act as receptors that are stimulated by changes in the outside environment.
Receptors enable you to feel sensations such as pressure, pain, heat and cold.

8. The Skin’s Structure Epidermis: Outer layer of the skin
Hair
Dead Epidermis
Living Epidermis
Subcutaneous Layer
Fat Layer
Dermis: Middle Layer
Sweat Pore
Duct of Sweat Gland
Sweat Gland
Sebaceous Glands
Hair Follicles
Muscle
Artery
Vein
Nerve

9. The Skin’s Structure

10. Sebaceous Glands
Structures within the skin that produce an oily secretion called sebum.
Also found in the dermis
Sebum helps keep skin and hair from drying out.

11. Keeping Your Skin Healthy
UV Protection
Always wear sunscreen on exposed areas of the skin (apply minutes before going outside, even on cloudy days)
UV Rays are most intense between 10am-4pm & stronger at higher altitudes
Avoid using tanning beds
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver, causing fever, jaundice, abdominal pain and weakness
Hep B: severe form of hepatitis: a sometimes recurring or fatal form of hepatitis that is caused by a virus and transmitted through contact with infected blood, blood products, and bodily fluids
Hep C: an infection of the liver that is caused by an RNA virus, is transmitted primarily by blood and blood products, as a blood transfusions
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus infection disabling immune system that destroys the immune system’s helper T cells, the loss of which causes AIDS

12. Keeping Your Skin Healthy
Body Piercing and Tattooing
Both carry potential health risks since they break the physical barrier of the skin.
Can result in infection from bacteria and the transfer of blood-borne pathogens from viruses such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV through nonsterile needles.

13. cneerson’s wart
Skin Problems
Acne: pores in the skin get clogged, bacteria causes inflammation and pus forms.
Dermatitis, or eczema: an inflamed or scaly patch of skin, usually from an allergic reaction.
Acne- wash your face gently twice a day, apply over-the-counter treatments and avoid using oily products or too much makeup. Extreme cases may need prescription medicine. Hypoallergenic washes
Eczema: keeping the area well moisturized can help reduce the irritation
Fungal infections: Keep the infected area clean and dry, and treat with over-the-counter medicines

14. Skin Problems
Warts: caused by a virus and are most commonly found on the hands, feet and face. They can spread through direct contact with another person’s wart
Fungal infections: Ringworm and athlete’s foot are infections that can be spread by contact with skin or infected clothing or in public showers.

15. Skin Problems
Boils: form when hair follicles—sacs or cavities that surround the roots of hairs—become infected. Tissue becomes inflamed and pus forms. Bursting or squeezing a boil can spread the infection.
Vitiligo: A condition in which patches of skin lose melanin and have no pigment. These areas are extremely susceptible to burning when exposed to UV light, they should always be covered
Boils: Treatment can include draining the pus and taking antibiotics

16. Skin Problems Moles Most are harmless
Certain types can develop into melanoma—the most serious form of skin cancer— which can be deadly

17. Skin Problems ABCD’s of Melanoma
A: Asymmetry- an imaginary line drawn through the center of the mole does not produce matching halves
B: Border Irregularity- noncancerous moles have smooth edges, Suspect moles often have irregular edges.
C: Color- look for moles that are intensely black, possibly with a bluish tint, of that have an uneven color
D: Diameter-Check for moles that are wider across than the width of a pea.

18. ABCD’s of Melanoma
A C.
B D.

19. Your Hair You have more than 100,000 hairs on your head alone.
Hair is composed of dead cells
Living cells in the epidermis make new hairs and causes hair growth
Helps protect the skin from exposure to UV radiation
The eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from dust and other particles
Also reduces the amount of heat lost through the skin of the scalp
*fun fact: hair grows on every surface of the skin, except for the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet.

20. Your Hair A well-balanced diet helps keep your hair healthy
Without proper nutrients, hair can become thin and dry
Daily brushing keeps dirt from building up and helps distribute the natural oils in your hair evenly
Regular shampooing will keep your hair healthy
It’s best to limit the use of harsh chemical treatments such as dyes, bleach, and permanents
Avoid excessive use of heating irons or hot combs
Overexposure to these can cause the hair to become dry and brittle.

21. Hair Problems
Oil produced by sebaceous glands protects the skin from drying out and keeps hair soft and shiny
Dandruff: the dead skin cells that are shed as sticky white flakes when the scalp becomes too dry

22. Hair Problems
Head lice: tiny parasitic insects that live in the scalp hair of humans
They feed on blood by biting through the skin of the scalp.
Can infect anyone and are mainly transmitted by head-to-head contact or by using objects such as brushes, combs, or hats
Treatment: medicated shampoo
Washing sheets, pillowcases, combs, and hats with hot water and soap, as well as frequent vacuuming at home
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23. Your Nails
Fingernails and toenails are made of closely packed dead cells that contain keratin
Cells beneath the root of the nail divide and multiply, causing the nail to grow
Care of nails:
Keeping them clean and evenly trimmed, which helps prevent split nails and hangnails
Keep cuticles pushed back
Trim toenails straight across and just slightly above the skin level to reduce the risk of infection and ingrown nails.
Keeping nails short also reduces the risk of fungal infections under the nails
Keratin: a type of protein found in the skin, hair, and nails
Nails protect and support tissues of fingers and toes

24. Healthy Teeth and Mouth
Lesson 2

25. Your Teeth The periodontium is the area immediately around the tooth
It is made up of the gum, periodontal ligaments, and the jawbone
It supports the tooth and holds it in place
The tooth has 3 main parts: the crown, the neck, and the root
The crown- the visible portion of the tooth. It is protected with enamel, a hard substance made of calcium
Beneath the enamel is dentin—a layer of connective tissue that contributes to the shape and hardness of a tooth.
The pulp- the tissue that contains the blood vessels and nerves of a tooth
Protected by the overlying layers of dentin and enamel
The pulp extends into the root canal
The neck of a tooth is between the crown and the root

26. Cross Section of a Tooth

27. Keeping Your Teeth and Mouth Healthy
The bacteria that naturally inhabit your mouth metabolize the sugars in the food you eat.
Produces an acid that breaks down the protective layer of tooth enamel
Tooth decay occurs when the enamel is destroyed and bacteria penetrate the tooth.
Plaque- a combination of bacteria and other particles, such as small bites of food, which adheres to the outside of a tooth.
It damages the tooth by coating it, sealing out the saliva that normally protects the tooth from bacteria.
If it builds up, the acid produced by bacteria break down the tooth enamel, resulting in a hole, or cavity.
If decay spreads down to the pulp, the tooth may have to be removed.

28. Keeping Your Teeth and Mouth Healthy
Brushing after eating removes plaque from the surface of the teeth, before bacteria can produce the acid that harms teeth
Flossing between your teeth removes plaque in areas that cannot be reached with a toothbrush
Visit your dentist regularly to maintain dental health

29. Tooth and Mouth Problems
Halitosis
Periodontal disease
Bad breath
Caused by eating certain foods, poor oral hygiene, smoking, bacteria on the tongue, tooth decay, and gum disease
gum disease, an inflammation of the periodontal structures.
Caused by bacterial infection.
When plaque hardens, it builds up tartar, a hard, crust like substance
Gums can become irritated and swollen, it is called gingivitis

30. Tooth and Mouth Problems
Malocclusion
Impacted Wisdom Teeth
Misalignment of the upper and lower teeth, or a “bad bite”
Caused by crowded or extra teeth, thumb sucking, injury, or heredity
Sometimes crowd and push on other teeth or become infected.
May need to be removed surgically

31. Healthy Eyes and Ears
Lesson 3

32. Your Eyes The structure of the eye The lacrimal gland
Eyes sit in bony sockets, called orbits.
A layer of fat cushions each eyeball inside its socket.
The lacrimal gland
Secretes tears into the eye through ducts
Tears are made of water, salts, mucus, and a substance that protects the eye from infection
As you blink, tears are moved across the surface of the eye.
Tears keep the surface of the eyeball moist and clear of foreign particles.

33. Outermost layer of the Eye
Parts of the Eye The eye consists of the optic nerve and 3 layers of the eyeball wall
Outermost layer of the Eye
Middle Layer of the Eye
Made up of sclera and the cornea
Sclera-the white part of the eye
Composed of tough, fibrous tissue that protects the inner layers of the eye and supports and shapes the eyeball
Cornea- a transparent tissue that bends and focuses light before it enters the lens
Is the choroid--a thick structure that lines the inside of the sclera.
The iris—the colored portion of the eye that contains the pupil.
The color of the iris is genetically determined
The muscles of the iris control the size of the pupil
In bright light, the pupil constricts; in dim light, it enlarges
The pupil is the hole through which light reaches the inner eye.

34. Parts of the Eye The Inner Layer
The retina- is the inner layer of the eye wall
Contains millions of light-sensitive cells.
Cells are called rods and cones, each name forms its basic shape.
Rods are very sensitive to light and allow us to see in dim light
Cones function in bright light and allow us to see color.
The optic nerve is located at the back of the eye.
Behind the iris and the pupil is the lens of the eye.
The lens is transparent.
Helps refine the focus of images on the retina.
The areas between the cornea and the lens is filled with a watery fluid—aqueous humor—which provides nutrients to the eye.
Between the lens and retina is a cavity filled with a gelatin-like substance called vitreous humor.
Helps the eyeball stay firm
Keep its shape
Holds the retina against the choroid

35. The EYE

36. https://www. youtube. com/watch

37. Vision
Vision may be affected by the way images are produced on the retina.
Having clear vision means that the images are produced sharply on your retina.
What does 20/20 vision mean?
2 common vision disorders are nearsightedness, or myopia, and farsightedness, or hyperopia
20/60 vision: must be 20 feet from the chart in order to read it that way a person with 20/20 vision can read it from 60 feet.
20/60 vision usually means a person is nearsighted
When light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens to reach the retina, an image forms. Light rays are first focused by the curves cornea, then later refined, by the lens onto the retina. This light stimulates the rods and cones in the retina, sending nerve impulses to the brain through the optic nerve. The brain translates the nerve impules into images that you recognize.
What is clear vision? 20/20  means that you can stand 20 feet away from any eye chart and read the top eight lines.

38. Keeping Your Eyes Healthy
Eating a well-balanced diet
Protect Your Eyes
Foods that contain vitamin A
Wear safety goggles when participating in activities in which your eyes could be injured
Keep dirty hands or other objects away from your eyes to reduce the risk of eye infections
Wear sunglasses
Never look directly into the sun or bright lights
Vitamin A foods carrots sweet potatoes

39. Keeping Your Eyes Healthy
Rest your eyes regularly
Get regular eye exams
Take regular breaks when you are doing close-up work
Examples: using a computer, reading, or playing video games
Looking up and away every 10 minutes or so reduces eyestrain
Routine eye exams by a health care professional allow certain eye diseases to be detected and treated in their early stages
Who looks away every 10 minutes?
Who gets regular check up?

40. Your Ears The Outer Ear The Middle Ear
Visible part of the ear, called the auricle—channels sound waves into the external auditory canal
The canal leads to the remaining portion of the outer ear, called the eardrum
The skin of this canal is lined with tiny hairs and glands that produce wax.
They protect the ear from dust and foreign objects
The eardrum—tympanic membrane—is a thin membrane that acts as a barrier between the outer and middle ear
Directly behind the eardrum are the auditory ossicles—three small bones linked together that connect the eardrum to the inner ear.
Smallest bones in the body
Middles ear is connected to the throat by the Eustachian tube
When you swallow or yawn, this tube allows pressure to be equalized on each side of the eardrum.
Does the Eustachian tube when yawning or swallowing make your ears pop?

41. Your Ears
The Inner Ear
the labyrinth, consists of a network of curved and spiral passages that can be divided into three main parts.
The cochlea—a spiral-shaped canal—is the area of hearing in the inner ear
The vestibule and the semicircular canals are where balance is controlled.

42. THE EAR

43. https://www. youtube. com/watch

44. Keeping Your Ears Healthy
Have your ears examined if you suspect an infection
Middle ear infections can damage the structure of the ear, but can be treated with antibiotics
Other ways to protect your hearing:
Wearing a hat that covers both the auricles and the earlobes in cold weather
Wear protective gear, such as helmet when playing sports.
Keep foreign objects including cotton-tipped swabs, out of the ear canal

45. Preventing Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Sounds waves are not passed from the outer ear to the inner ear, usually because of a blockage or injury to the inner ear.
Example: middle-ear infections may cause fluid to build up within the middle ear
Problem may result from a birth defect, exposure to noise, growing older, and medication problems
Tinnitus-a condition in which a ringing, buzzing, whistling, roaring, hissing, or other sound is heard in the ear in the absence of external sound.
To prevent, avoid loud music and wear earplugs in noisy environments and at loud concerts or sporting events.