1. Minerals

2. Pre-Assessment
1. The two most abundant elements in common minerals are
A. calcium & manganese B. silicon & oxygen C. iron & magnesium D. carbon & potassium

3. Answer B

4. 2. The heft or relative weight of a mineral sample is directly related to the mineral's A. luster B. cleavage C. density D. hardness

5. Answer C

6. 3. A mineral that splits into even sheets shows which of the following properties? A. perfect fracture B. consistent streak C. good cleavage D. triclinic crystal shape

7. Answer C

8. 4. Which of the following follows ALL the rules of being a true mineral? A. coal B. concrete C. steel D. quartz

9. Answer D

10. Do you Know Any Examples of Minerals we SEE or USE everyday?

11. Ex: Halite
Ex: Graphite
Ex: Talc
Ex: Gypsum

12. What Determines a Mineral?

13. What defines a Mineral?
Minerals must be naturally occurring which means they are formed by nature, not by man
Minerals must be solid
Minerals must have an orderly crystal structure which means that atoms always have the same chemical arrangement
Minerals have a definite chemical composition which means they are always made of the same elements
Minerals are generally inorganic which means they are not made by living things (this gets tricky with the mineral Calcite)

14. Halite (salt) is consistently made of two elements: Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) and because of this, it has a specific chemical structure. This structure can then be seen in the large pieces of salt below.

15. How do Minerals Form?
The 4 main processes by which minerals form: 1. Crystallization from Magma 2. Precipitation 3. Changes in Pressure and Temperature 4. Hydrothermal Solutions

16. Crystallization from Magma
Magma is molten rock deep within Earth; as it cools elements combine to form minerals
Examples of minerals formed under these conditions include feldspar, quartz, muscovite, and hornblende

17. Precipitation
There are lots of dissolved substances in Earth’s rivers, lakes, ponds, and oceans
When water evaporates, then the dissolved substances combine to form minerals
Stalactites and Stalagmites Calcite

18. Changes in Pressure & Temperature
When existing minerals are put under intense heat and pressure (usually b/c they are deep within the Earth) they can form new minerals
** Basically, the heat and pressure makes the old mineral unstable so it can rearrange and reassemble its chemical bonds, this makes a new mineral
Ex: talc and muscovite

19. Hydrothermal Solutions
Very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances (temperatures usually 100°C - 300°C)
When hot mixture comes into contact with minerals, chemical reactions take place and form new minerals
Bornite Chalcopyrite

20. Today we will be doing a DENSITY Lab, so let’s learn/review the concept:

21. Density Density compares the mass of an object to its volume
D = __Mass_(g)__
Volume (cm3)

22. Mass = the amount of matter in an object Unit for Mass is grams. (g)

23. Volume = the amount of space a (3 D) object takes up Units for Volume are mL or cm3

24. For people who don’t like Math!

25. When finding Mass:
Unit = grams (g)
Use a Triple Beam Balance

26. Reading a Triple Beam Balance

27. What about the volume of this?

28. You don’t need a ruler but a graduated cylinder for the volume of liquids or irregular solids.

29. Read the Meniscus on the graduated cylinder below:

30. What is the Volume of the Rock?

31. Any Questions? ?