1. The Civil Rights Movement (Part 2)
African Americans, Latino Americans and Native Americans continue to seek equality in American Society

2. “CNN’s The Sixties: A Long March to Freedom”

3. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Disagreements among civil rights groups, the tragic deaths of several civil rights leaders, widespread urban neglect, riots and the rise of black nationalism create a more militant period in the fight for civil rights.

4. African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation
• De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North
• De jure segregation is segregation required by law
• WW II black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight”
• 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances
• Black unemployment twice as high as white
• Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police officers
Urban Violence Erupts
Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians
- many result in riots
Many whites baffled by African-American rage
Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education
Money for “War on Poverty” and “Great Society” redirected to Vietnam War

5. New Leaders Voice Discontent
African-American Solidarity
• Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites
- believed that the white power structure actively oppressed and disadvantaged the black population
Advocate armed self-defense, and equality “by any means necessary”
• Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity
• Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims
Ballots or Bullets?
Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites
Splits with Black Muslims; continues to champion Pan-Africanism, black self- determination and self-defense
Malcolm X was assassinated in while giving a speech in New York
Black Power
• CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics
• Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power:
- African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites
Black Panthers: Huey Newton & Bobby Seale
• Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency and advocate self-defense
• Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police
Marched on Sacramento, occupied Capital building with an armed contingent
• Provide social services in ghettos (family assistance, black advocacy, children’s community programs, neighborhood breakfast program), win popular support

7. 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights
King’s Death
King objects to Black Power movement, preaching of violence
Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech to striking workers: “I have seen the promised land…I may not get there with you…”
Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968
Reactions to King’s Death
King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S. history
- over 100 cities affected
Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later
Black Power movement continues in force into the early 70s as law enforcement (FBI) step up their surveillance and conflict with black power groups (COINTELPRO – counter-intelligence program)

8. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Causes of Violence
• Kerner Commission: racism main cause of urban violence
Civil Rights Gains
• Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in housing
More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs
Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs at more and more colleges; black intellectual movement intensifies
More African-American participation in mainstream media, movies, television by the 70s
Dramatically increased voter registration, number of black voters TRIPLES after 1965
More black elected officials and appointees at all levels of government

9. continued Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Unfinished Work
Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots reduce white support for movement in the late 60s, early 70s
White flight reverses much progress toward school integration
Unemployment, poverty much higher for blacks than for whites
• Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups
1960s, colleges, companies doing government business adopt policy
Late 1970s, some criticize policy as “reverse discrimination”
During the mid-1970s, the “mass incarceration” of people of color, particularly African Americans begins as various subsequent U.S. presidents take a “tough on crime” stance which, while it resonates strongly with the rising “New Right”, also systemically targets people of color.

10. Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality
The Latino Presence Grows
Latinos of Varied Origins
1960s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million
Mexican Americans largest group, mostly in Southwest, California
By1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans living in U.S., mostly in NYC
Cubans flee communism, form communities in NYC, Miami, NJ
Central Americans, Colombians come to escape civil war, poverty
Many Latinos encounter prejudice, discrimination in jobs, housing
Many live in segregated communities, jobless rate and poverty rate nearly 50% higher than white Americans

11. Latinos Fight for Change
The Farm Worker Movement
César Chávez and Dolores Huerta form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
Farm workers in the southwest U.S. faced poor working conditions
1965: grape growers do not recognize union; Chávez sets up boycott, even goes on a hunger strike
1970: Huerta negotiates contract
“Chicano! The Struggle in the Fields” (PBS doc)
What challenges did the Filipino farm workers face in Delano, California?
Describe a few characteristics of the conflict between the workers and the growers
Describe Bobby Kennedy’s response to the Delano Strike
What role did the arts play in the Farm Worker Movement?
Cultural Pride
Puerto Ricans, Chicanos demand cultural recognition, better schools, organize various local grassroots initiatives
1968 Bilingual Education Act funds bilingual, cultural heritage programs
Brown Berets organize walkouts in East LA high schools (15,000 students walk out)
Movement spreads to higher education, students demand and win the establishment of Chicano Studies programs

12. Latinos Fight for Change {continued}
Political Power
Organized community support, grassroots initiatives around the country try to help elect Latino candidates from major parties
La Raza Unida works on independent, Latino political movement first in Texas, then, spreading to most of the American southwest
Founded by Jose Angel Gutierrez, 1970
— provided campaign support for Latino candidates, very successful in southwest Texas, winning local races for mayor, city councils and school boards, dominating local politics until the late 70s
“Chicano! Fighting for Political Power” (PBS doc)
What similarities and differences do you see between the African American and Latino civil rights movements?
Describe the action taken by the students at the Crystal City High School and the results.
What led to the ideological split between members of La Raza Unida?