1. The Skeletal System
Bones are the primary organs of the skeletal system.
Bones are living organs.
Allow us to grow.
Articulation = joint

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Support
The body’s framework
Protection
Example ribs protect heart; skull protects brain
Movement
Muscles anchor to bone
When they contract they pull bone allowing movement
Storage
calcium
Hematpoiesis
Blood cell formation

3. Types of Bones Names suggest their shape Long (humerus)
Short (carpals-wrist bones)
Flat (frontal- skull bone)
Irregular (vertebrae)
Most important are the long bones

4. Structure of Long Bones
Diaphysis- shaft- a hollow tube made of hard compact bone
Medullary cavity- hollow area inside diaphysis
Contains yellow bone marrow- an inactive fatty form of marrow
Epiphyses- ends of the bone- red marrow fills in the spaces between spongy bone
Articular Cartilage- thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphysis
Functions like a small rubber cushion

5. Structure, continued
Periosteum- strong fibrous membrane covering the long bone, except where covered by articular cartilage
Endosteum- thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

7. Bone tissue Compact Spongy Outer layer and along shafts of long bone
Tightly packed
Osteons*
Spongy
Instead of Osteons contains bars and plates called trabeculae
Holes between give the porous apperance

8. Osteon
Structural (inside the bone) unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers of hard bone matrix and bone cells
Also called Haversian systems

9. Each osteon is arranged in multiple layers resembling the ring of an onion called Lamella
Thin layer
Circular rings

10. Bone Growth and Repair Ossification or osteogenesis
Begins at 8 weeks post conception
Osteoblasts- cells that form bones
Osteoclasts- breaks down old bone
Epiphyseal plate- “growth plate”
Thin band of cartilage between ossified sites

11. Cartilage
Unlike bone, cartilage fibers are embedded in a firm gel instead of calcified cement substance, which allows it to be more flexible
Chondrocytes- cartilage cells, located in the lacunae
Cartilage has no blood vessels which make it slow to heal if damaged.

12. Cartilage, cont Articular cartilage- located on ends of bones
Bursa- contains synovial fluid
Arthritis- when this cartilage and synovial fluid wear out or become inflamed

13. Differences between male and female skeletons
Size- most males are larger
Hipbones- Males bones are larger, but females tend to be wider to allow for childbirth
Males form a funnel shape
Females more of a basin shape
Where the 2 pubic bones meet on a female are also wider

14. Divisions of Skeleton
Axial- bones of the skull, spine, chest, and the hyoid
Appendicular- upper and lower extremities or appendages

15. Axial Skeleton Skull -8 bones form the cranium -14 bones form the face
-6 bones form the inner ear

16. Skull, cont. Sinuses- spaces or cavities inside some cranial bones
Four pairs open to the nose = paranasal sinuses
Mastoiditis – inflammation of the air spaces within the mastoid portion of temporal bone

18. Skull, cont. Sutures Fontanels Immovable joints in bones “soft spots”
6 at birth allow compression of the skull during birth
Fuse to form sutures by age 2

20. Spine (Vertebral Column)
spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Palpate C7

21. Spine Curvatures
Pg. 195
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis

22. Vertebral Bones
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacrum 1
Coccyx 1

23. Thorax 12 pairs of ribs Sternum Thoracic vertebra
First 7 “true ribs” attach to sternum
8-10 “false ribs” attach to cartilage of the 7th pair
11-12 not attached to costal cartilage “floating ribs”
Sternum
Thoracic vertebra

28. Bone Fractures Fracture = Break
One isn’t worse than the other, they are the same thing!
Callus- bony framework
that “fixes” a fracture

29. Bone Fractures Open or compound fracture Bone comes through the skin
Increased possibility of infection or osteomyelitis

31. Bone Fractures Closed or simple fractures Complete fractures
Skin remains intact
Complete fractures
Bone fragments are completely separated
Incomplete fractures
Bone fragments are still partially joined
Greenstick fractures- bone is bent and breaks only on the outer bend. Common in children, heals rapidly

33. Bone fractures Comminuted fractures Impacted fractures
Breaks into many pieces
Impacted fractures
Bone fragments are driven into each other
Spiral fractures
Occurs when torque is occurring to the bone

34. http://rad. usuhs. edu/medpix/kiosk_image. html

35. Epiphyseal Fracture Avulsion Fracture Overstress in young athletes
Epiphyseal plate separates from the diaphysis or the epiphysis
Without treatment proper growth may be inhibited
Avulsion Fracture
Muscle contraction pulls away a piece of the underlying bone

37. Joint Disorders Classified as Noninflammatory joint disease

38. Noninflammatory Joint Disease
Osteoarthritis
also known as degenerative joint disease
Most common noninflammatory joint disease of movable joints
Most often involves hips, knees, and lumbar spine
Localized tenderness, morning stiffness, and pain from movement
Bouchard’s or Heberden’s nodes may also be present on the fingers

39. Noninflammatory Joint Disease
Dislocation- joint becomes “out of place”
Subluxation- dislocation occurs but goes back in on its own
Sprain- ligament injury
Strain- tendon or muscle injury
Avulsion Fracture
Epiphyseal Fracture

40. Inflammatory Joint Disease
Arthritis
Can be caused by infection, injury, genetic factors, and autoimmunity
There are 3 major types of arthritis…

41. Arthritis Rheumatoid Gouty Infectious
Chronic inflammation caused by an autoimmune disease
Deformity in hands, fatigue, and other autoimmune diseases are common
May occur in children
Gouty
Metabolic condition forms crystals in the joints
Infectious
Pathogens infect synovial membrane and other joint tissues

42. Types of Motion
􀂃 FLEXION- decreasing angle
􀂃 EXTENSION- increasing angle
􀂃 ABDUCTION- moving away
􀂃 ADDUCTION- moving towards
􀂃 CIRCUMDUCTION- moving in a circle
􀂃 ROTATION- turning on an axis
􀂃 PRONATION- turning palm down
􀂃 SUPINATION- turning palm up