1. PBIO 4500/5500: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
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2. Chapter 1 - The Development of Molecular Biotechnology
Molecular Biology/Biotechnology terminology
Milestones in molecular biotechnology
Model organisms for molecular/cellular biology
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic gene organization & expression

3. Terminology
Molecular biology-the study of biology on a molecular level including the structure, function, and makeup of biologically important molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins
Recombinant DNA technology-a set of techniques for manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning of genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and the production of large quantities of gene product
Genetic engineering-the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification
Biotechnology-production of goods and services using biological organisms, systems, and processes
Molecular biotechnology-rDNA technology + biotechnology

4. Table 1.1

5. Table 1.1 (Continued)

6. Many scientific disciplines contribute to molecular biotechnology, which generates a wide range of commercial products.
Figure 1.1

7. Model Systems for Molecular/Cellular Biology https://www. dnalc
Viruses
Bacteria (E. coli)
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Round worms (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Planarian (Schmidtea mediterranea)
Alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)
Mouse (Mus musculus)

8. Figure Each model experimental organism used in molecular and cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies.

9. FIGURE 1-22 Each eukaryotic organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies.
Model unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms have distinct advantages for investigation of fundamental cell processes.

10. TABLE 1-2 Genome Sizes of Organisms Used in Molecular Cell Biology Research That Have Been Completely Sequenced
E. coli grow in environments as diverse as soil and the human gut.
Eubacteria and Archaea have fewer genes than single-cell and multicellular eukaryotes.
E. coli – model organism used to investigate common cell activities such as gene regulation and membrane transport found in other organisms.

11. Central Dogma of Biology
transcription
translation
DNA RNA Protein
$$$
reverse
transcription
Molecular
Biotechnology
DNA
replication

12. Chemical structure of DNA & RNA

13. Chemical structure of dsDNA

14. Chemical structure of dsDNA

15. Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Expression

16. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the -10 and -35 regions of the promoter relative to the start site of transcription (+1)
promoter
operator

17. Prokaryotic Gene Structure
Eukaryotic Gene Structure
Enhancers/
silencers