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The science of naming organisms.

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1 The science of naming organisms.
Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.

2 Define Taxonomy Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura)

3 Why Classify? 1. How do biologists use a classification system to study the diversity of life? to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

4 Why Classify? 2. How do taxonomists group organisms when they classify them? Into groups that have biological significance.

5 Why Classify? 3. How does classification make life easier?
grouping things makes them easier to find and work with 3a. What are some things we classify?

6 Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics or underlined two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

7 Taxonomic hierarchy Classification includes seven levels called taxa.
Names organisms and their relationships from very broad to very specific Classification includes seven levels called taxa. They are, from largest to smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

8 All organisms classified in a hierarchy
Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific) Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick

9

10 Place the taxa in the correct level of the pyramid.
More specific More general

11 Assigning Scientific Names
Many organisms may have several different common names. The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, catamount, or puma …thus the need for a scientific name. Felis concolor

12 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

13 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

14 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

15 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

16 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

17 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

18 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

19 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Pottawatomie county Our Town Address Number on road Apartment at this number. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

20 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Pottawatomie county McLoud Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

21 You live, from broad to specific…
The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Pottawatomie county McLoud Address 1100 W Seikel Blvd 74851

22 Activity! Pile of Sneakers.
Take off one of your sneakers / footwear and gently throw them to Mr. Mac one at a time. Classify the types of footwear into different groups based on their similarities and differences. Describe the physical features of each group, why are they placed where they are?

23 Assigning Scientific Names
The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien

24 Assigning Scientific Names
The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and is not capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien

25 Classification The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

26 Classification What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos horribilis Ailuropoda melanoleuca

27 Thinking Critically Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Diptera Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae Genus Felis Canis Musca Species F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica

28 Thinking Critically 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica?
2. From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? Animal; insect Cat and Wolf Family Level

29 Evolutionary Classification
1. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. 2. Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

30 Evolutionary Classification
3. Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

31 Cladograms A B C D E F Speciation: formation of two
new species from one Clade or lineage TIME

32 Cladograms This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship among several vertebrates. Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp

33 Cladograms Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits).

34 Cladograms Do frogs have mammary glands? Do hagfish have jaws?
Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Do frogs have mammary glands? Do hagfish have jaws? When the derived character is above an organism, the organism lacks that derived character.

35 Cladograms Do pigeons have claws or nails? Do lizards have jaws?
Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Do pigeons have claws or nails? Do lizards have jaws? When the derived character is below the organism, the organism possesses that derived character.

36 Who is more closely related to the Coyote?
The Gray Wolf or the Red Fox?

37 Who is more closely related to the Coyote?
The Gray Wolf or the Red Fox?

38 Who is more closely related to the Crab Eating Fox?
The Gray Fox or the Maned Wolf ?

39 Who is more closely related to the Crab Eating Fox?
The Gray Fox or the Maned Wolf ?

40 Who is more closely related to the Cape Hunting Dog?
The Domestic Dog or the Bush Dog?

41 Who is more closely related to the Cape Hunting Dog?
The Domestic Dog or the Bush Dog?

42 The 6 kingdoms Prokaryotes (Used to be 1 kingdom, Monera) Eukaryotes
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eukaryotes Fungi Protista Animal Plantae

43 Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Archaebacteria Unicellular Live in extreme environments Prokaryotic Eubacteria “Common bacteria”

44 Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or colonial Lots of different life styles Fungi Cell walls made of chitin Multicellular External heterotrophs

45 Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Plantae Eukaryotic & Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Autotrophic Animalia No cell walls Internal heterotrophs

46 The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

47 Dichotomous Key

48 Organisms Interactions
Commensalism- A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed Example: The remora, AKA suckerfish and sharks.

49 Organisms Interactions
Mutualism - A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit Example: bee and the flower or bacteria and the human

50 Organisms Interactions
Parasitism - A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and another is harmed Example: tapeworms, fleas, and mosquito

51 Trophic Levels

52 Trophic Levels 10% of energy is passed on each time you move up a step in the energy pyramid.

53 Questions What is highest taxa? What is the lowest taxa?
Can you have the species without the genus? What are two reasons scientist use Binomial nomenclature?

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