4. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins

5. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins (cont.)

6. 2nd structure of a protein H-bonds R groups are NOT involved in H-bonds

7. Proteins
Amino acids bond together covalently by peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chain.
Dehydration synthesis

9. Factors that Affect Enzymes

10. Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene
Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein.
1. Which functional groups are found in all amino acids?
2. Compare the composition of a hydrophilic R group to a hydrophobic R group.

11. Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene
Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein.
3. Distinguish between secondary and tertiary protein structure. (2 points) 4. What would be the consequence of a mutation that changed a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid on protein structure? (3 points)

12. Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene
Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein.
5. Such a mutation would most likely result in altered: (A) properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemoglobin molecules. (B) DNA structure as a result of abnormal hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases. (C) fatty acid structure as a result of changes in ionic interactions between adjacent fatty acid chains. (D) protein secondary structure as a result of abnormal hydrophobic interactions between R-groups in the backbone of the protein 6. Explain your selection above.

13. Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are proteins that bind reversibly with molecular oxygen (O2). The graph shows the oxygen-binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen.
1. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) At 10 mm Hg partial pressure, hemoglobin binds oxygen but myoglobin does not. (B) At 20 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin and hemoglobin bind oxygen in equal amounts. (C) At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has. (D) At 80 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin binds twice as much oxygen as hemoglobin binds. 2. Explain your selection above.

14. Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are proteins that bind reversibly with molecular oxygen (O2). The graph shows the oxygen-binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen.
2. Describe what happens in each curve in terms of oxygen saturation. 3. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood and myglobin carries it in muscles. Explain why you would want hemoglobin to have a lower affinity for oxygen than myglobin.

15. Questions 1-4 #1—Synthesized at the ribosome
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
Lipids
Steroids
#1—Synthesized at the ribosome
#2—Includes glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and glucose
#3– Used for insulation and buoyancy in marine Arctic animals
#4—Used to carry the genetic code

16. Questions 1-4 #1—Synthesized at the ribosome A
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
Lipids
Steroids
#1—Synthesized at the ribosome A
#2—Includes glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and glucose B
#3– Used for insulation and buoyancy in marine Arctic animals D
#4—Used to carry the genetic code C

17. The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding
Allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other
Contributes to the various properties water exhibits
Hydrogen bonds + H
 –

18. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for life
Cohesion
Moderation of Temperature
Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
The solvent of life (universal solvent)

19. Question 5: Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atom of two adjacent water molecules
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules

20. Question 5: Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atom of two adjacent water molecules
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules

21. Question 1: Which of the following is true regarding spherical cells?
A. As the diameter decreases, the surface area remains the same. B. As the diameter decreases, the surface area increases. C. As the diameter decreases, the surface-to-volume ratio increases. D. As the diameter increases, the volume decreases. E. The surface-to-volume ratio is independent of diameter.

22. Question 1: Which of the following is true regarding spherical cells?
A. As the diameter decreases, the surface area remains the same. B. As the diameter decreases, the surface area increases. C. As the diameter decreases, the surface-to-volume ratio increases. D. As the diameter increases, the volume decreases. E. The surface-to-volume ratio is independent of diameter.

23. Limits to Cell Size Diffusion limits cell size
Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
Larger the distance, slower the diffusion rate
A cell 20 cm would require months for nutrients to get to the center

24. ATP--ADP
PHOSPHORYLATION...    adding a phosphate to ADP                  ADP   +   P    >    ATP
ATP holds more energy than ADP

25. OIL RIG

26. Make a Venn Diagram comparing prokaryote, plant and animal cells

28. Prokaryote bacteria cells Eukaryote animal cells
Types of cells
- no organelles
- organelles
Eukaryote animal cells
Eukaryote plant cells

29. Bacterial Cell=Prokaryote -have ribosomes, DNA loop + plasmid, cell wall, cell membrane, flagella or cilia

30. Gene cloning with a plasmid

31. Cells gotta work to live!
What jobs do cells have to do?
make proteins
proteins control every cell function
make energy
for daily life
for growth
make more cells
growth
repair
renewal

32. Phospholipid Protein Lipid Phosphate Cholesterol
Question 2: Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
Phospholipid
Protein
Lipid
Phosphate
Cholesterol

33. Phospholipid Protein Lipid Phosphate Cholesterol
Question 2: Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
Phospholipid
Protein
Lipid
Phosphate
Cholesterol

34. Questions 3-5
3. Site of glucose synthesis 4. Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP 5. Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell

35. Questions 3-5
3. Site of glucose synthesis--A 4. Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP---D 5. Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell--E