1. Direct and Indirect Speech

2. Direct Speech Indirect Speech - is also known as quoted speech
- “………………………………….”
eg. “Lee Peng is fat,” said Alvin to Tim.
Indirect Speech
reported speech
without quotation marks
eg. Alvin told Tim that Lee Peng was fat.

3. To be changed:
1) tenses
2) pronouns
3) time phrases

4. Changing Tenses Direct speech Indirect speech present past
past past perfect
present continuous past continuous
present perfect past perfect
pr. perf. cont. past perf. cont.
past continuous past perfect
continuous
future (will) would

5. Modals should also be changed!
Direct speech Indirect speech
can could may might have to had to should should ought to ought to

6. Changing Pronouns Direct speech Indirect speech I he / she
me him / her
we they
us them
my his / her
mine his / hers
our their
ours theirs
you (singular) he / she / I
you (plural) they / we

7. Changing time expressions
now then
ago before
This / these that / those
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
last night the night before

8. present  past
He said, “I go to school every day.”
He said (that) he went to school every day.
past  past perfect
He said, “I went to school every day.”
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present continuous  past continuous
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
He said (that) he was going to school every day.

9. present perfect  past perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect cont. past perfect cont.
He said, “I have been going to school every day.”
He said (that) he had been going to school every day.
past continuous  past perfect continuous
He said, “I was going to school every day.”
Future (will) would
He said, “I will go to school every day.”
He said (that) he would go to school every day.

10. Changing questions in direct speech into indirect speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
simple past He asked me if / whether I went to school every day.
‘wh’ question word
He said, “Where do you go for tuition?”
He asked me where I went for tuition.

11. He said, “I went to school yesterday.”
He said (that) he had gone to school the day before.
He said, “I met her an year ago.”
He said (that) he had met her one year before.

12. He said, “I go to school every day.”
He said (that) he went to school every day.
He told me (that) he went to school every day.
He said “Let’s go to the café.”
He suggested going to the café.
He said “Stop writing.”
He instructed us to stop writing.

13. Changing negative statements in direct speech into indirect speech
“Do not forget me,” said the boy.
The boy told me not to forget him.

14. If a statement is true at the time of speaking and reported speech, there is no change the tense of verb.
Eg:
He said, “Thailand is part of the ASEAN group.”
He said that Thailand is part of the ASEAN group.