1. Reported Speech

2. Say vs. tell Say sth. to sb: I said to him I said to the reporter
Tell sb. Sth :
I told him
I told the reporter

3. Reported speech No quotation marks (“)
Personal pronouns and possessives
‘ I enjoyed the book’, said my brother.
My brother said that he had enjoyed the
book.
Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives
this that
these those
Adverbs of place
here there

4. Tense change Tense change if reporting verb in past.
‘ I’m going to the concert,’ he says.
He says he is going to the concert.
‘ I’m going to the concert,’ he said
He said he was going to the concert

5. Tense change No Tense change If reporting verb is present , future.
‘ I’m going to the concert,’ he says.
He says he is going to the concert.
If the statement is still true
‘You always tell lies’
He said I always tell lies.

6. Tense changes Present s. Past s. Present c. Past c. Past s. Past p.
Past cont. Past perf. cont.
Present p.s. Past p. s.
Present p. c. Past Perfect c.
Will Would
Can Could
May Might
Must / have to Had to
Should should

7. Time expressions now then, at that time today that day
Tonight that night
Yesterday the day before/ the previous day
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day / the following day
the day after tomorrow two days later
next week the next / following week
last month the previous month / the month before
ten years ago ten years earlier

8. Questions SVO He asked me how old I was. NO AUXILIARIES Tense change
Yes-no questions
if / whether
Wh questions wh

9. Question Reporting verbs
Ask
Question
Enquire
Wonder
Want to know

10. ASK “ preguntar” He asked me if/ whether / how long …
He asked me if I had a brother.
“ pedir”
ask sb to do sth
He asked me to go with him.
Tom asked the librarian if he could…

11. TELL “decir” He told me that he was fine. “ordenar” ( order)
He told me to leave.
She told her not to turn it off.

12. SUGGEST -ing He suggested swimming ( let’s swim, why don’t we swim)
That SVO
(V: past simple, present sub., should)
She suggested that he go
went
should go

13. Reporting verbs: that svo
Say Tell
State Claim
Admit Suggest
Answer Reply
Complain Agree
Explain Warn
Announce Deny
Add Promise sb.

14. VERBS + TO INFINITIVE
Offer Refuse
Promise Agree
Threaten

15. deny recommend suggest admit
VERBS + ING
deny recommend suggest admit

16. Apologize to sb for doing ‘I’m sorry I was late’
Other verbs
Apologize to sb for doing
‘I’m sorry I was late’
I apologized for being late.
for having been late
Accuse sb of doing
‘You broke the window’
They accused me of breaking/ having broken the window
Congratulate sb on
‘Well done for passing your exams’
She congratulated me on passing my exams.

17. VERBS + SB. + ( NOT) TO INFINITIVE
Tell order advise persuade Ask remind warn invite Encourage recommend

18. To sb
If we say to whom
Say
Complain
Apologize
Explain
Suggest