1. 1750-1919: A precarious time for Tibet
Social, political and economic revolutions create “modern” states
Societies at crossroads: reaction to growing power of “modern” states
Imperialism
Nationalism

2. Tibet & the Manchus

3. Tibet & the Manchus A Manchu warrior Tibet a “protectorate”
“salutary neglect”
dalai lamas #9-12 all “died” young--hmm!
Tibet closed to foreigners after 1850
A Tibetan soldier shoots at
a British trader
A Manchu warrior

4. The “Great Game” in the Himalayan Region
Rivalry between Russia and GB to control Central Asia combined with national & imperial aspirations of Himalayan peoples makes for a complicated scenario
Afghanistan was created as a buffer state to separate British India from Russia. What happened to Tibet?

5. Britain & Tibet, The problem: to achieve its ends GB had to negotiate with Tibetan officials but legitimize any deals with China
The Younghusband expedition, 1903
the gospel of free trade
Tibet’s attempt to militarily block British access resulted in defeat & loss of Sikkim
Dalai lama refused to open British letters, GB troops to Lhasa
Dalai lama to Mongolia in attempt to gain support from czar, officials negotiate with GB
Anglo-tibetan accord not signed by Manchu amban
Greater issues (Russia & hong kong) cause modification and reaffirm Tibet’s subordination tp China
Tibetan cabinet

6. Agvan Dorjiev: No one’s puppet
A Buryiat Mongol (Siberia)
Westerners couldn’t fathom that a citizen of one of their empires could have his own agenda!
Teacher of 13th dalai lama who forged connections to Czarist Russia
Dreamed of a Pan-Buddhist/ Pan-Mongol state.
Initiated treaties between Russia and Mongolia & Mongolia & Russia neither with Russia’s permission.

7. China reacts to British encroachment
Enfeebled Manchu gov’t began process of (C,E,P)sinicization
1910 invasion sends 13th dalai lama into exile again.
But trouble brewing for Manchu rulers. Chinese blamed them for China’s humiliations

8. Collapse of Qing Empire means Tibetan “independence”
De jure or de facto or neither?
1914 Simla Accord
China doesn’t recognize a free Tibet but too preoccupied with its own problems to do anything about it.
Conservative forces v. modernizers mean lack of concrete direction that may have made a difference.
How do the symbols on Tibet’s
flag reflect national identity?