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2. Centered around the Nile River Valley
The Nile floods at the same time every year
During flooding, fertilizing silt is deposited in the soil & forms the Nile River’s Delta
The floods are predictable which was associated with their Gods

3. Cataracts of the Nile divide the River & create rapids
The first cataract marked the southern border of Upper Egypt
The Nile flows north thus Lower Egypt is to the North
Egypt is protected by deserts to the east & west

4. Old Kingdom
2700 – 2200 BCE
Middle Kingdom
2050 – 1800 BCE
New Kingdom
1550 – 1100 BCE

6. Also called the “Pyramid Age”
Ruling pharaohs built tombs that would last for eternity
Building usually started when they took the throne
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8. Probably based on Sumerian script
Pictographic & alphabetic elements

9. Upper & Lower Egypt united
Pharaohs have strong central authority & absolute power
A vizier was the chief minister who supervised day-to-day government

10. Power struggles between local Nomarchs
Food shortages due to crop failures & drought
High cost of the pyramids

12. Pharaohs restore prosperity & stability
Trade with Nubians to the south increases
The cultures of the two peoples begin to mix
Eventually the Egyptian army occupies Nubia

13. The Middle Kingdom
Cult of Osiris grows and allows more people to enter the afterlife
More arable land due to drainage projects

14. Invaded by the Hyksos from Western Asia
Hyksos adopt Egyptian customs & beliefs

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16. Large empire reaches to the Euphrates River
More contact with other civilizations
First known peace treaty signed with the Hittites

17. New leaders drive out Hyksos & result in stronger pharaohs:
Tutankhamen
Nefertiti

18. Hatshepsut – female pharaoh who encouraged trade
Akhenaton/ Amonhotep IV- the first monotheist and husband of Nefertiti
King Tut - famous tomb
Ramses II – Very powerful & ruled for 67 years, defeated the Hittites

19. Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

20. Abu Simbel Temple of Ramses II

21. Typical housing during the New Kingdom in Egypt.

22. Power declines after Ramses II
A succession of invaders conquer Egypt (Sea People, Hyksos, Persians, & Greeks)
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23. Why did Egypt develop along the Nile River Valley and how did the river affect Egypt’s civilization?