1. Where does almost all energy come from for Earth?

2. You Need Your Text Book for After the Test

3. Do you have energy within your body?
Potential Energy – stored energy (ATP molecules, Carbohydrate, Proteins and Lipids)
Kinetic Energy – energy in motion (breaking down ATP to ADP, or any other molecule)

4. JQ: Why do you think plants are green for most of the year, instead of red, orange or yellow?

5. JQ: How do rainbows form, and why are they usually only around after rain?

6. What’s in Sunlight? Use colored pencils to draw your observations
Obtain a “What’s in Light?” Observations Sheet.
*BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL WITH ALL THE EQUIPMENT*
Use colored pencils to draw your observations

7. Use your textbook to read about photosynthesis, the process that supplies all ecosystems with energy. Complete the note sheet as you go.
Link to Note Sheet

8. What is photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight  6O2 + C6H12O6
The process of converting carbon dioxide, water, into oxygen and glucose. Sunlight supplies the energy for this process.
The most important biological process on the planet : )

9. Who does photosynthesis?
Plants, some bacteria, some protists, and even some (one known) animal can perform photosynthesis.

10. Journal Question
What would happen if all of the plants on earth suddenly died today? Explain.

11. Where does it occur?
For plants, protists (and that one animal) it occurs inside the cells, there are special structures called chloroplasts. They are what make photosynthetic organisms green.
Bacteria don’t have organelles, they perform it on their plasma membrane
One chloroplast

12. Where does it occur (con’t)?
Each chloroplast is covered in 2 bilayers, and contain the following:
Granum (stacks of thylakoids)
Thylakoids (contain chlorophyll, light reactions occur on the membrane of these)
Stroma: liquid outside of the granum
Silly way to remember how the chloroplast is organized:
If the Chloroplast is the Company,
Then the Grana (plural of granum) are the garages,
And the Thylakoids are the Trucks
One chloroplast

13. How does it occur (overview)?
Link to time lapse
Link to song
The green pigment inside chloroplasts, called chlorophyll, absorb light energy and the cell use the energy to covert CO2 and H2O into sugar (glucose). Plants also have other pigments that can help.

14. How does CO2, O2, and Water get in and out of a plant?
pores on the bottom of their leaves called stomata (stoma plural)
Let Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) in and out. Water can leave through them as well.
2. Water taken into plants through roots.

15. How does it occur?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is all cell’s energy molecule. ATP is a type of nucleotide.
Link to song

16. Mini
Terrarium
Project

17. Step 1 of Photosynthesis: Light reactions (thylakoid)
Step 2 of Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions (stroma)

18. How does it occur (detailed)?
Stage 1: Light reactions
What happens here: H2O + Light energy  ATP + NADPH + O2
Link to animation
2. Light energizes, or excites, electrons in chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II (protein with pigments attached), and electrons leave chlorophyll and travel down the electron transport chain (ETC), which is a series of proteins that transfer electrons
3. Electrons lose energy as they travel through ETC, and that energy used to Actively transport protons (H+) from stroma into thylakoid space (against concetration gradient)
Stroma
Thylakoid
Membrane
Inside
thylakoid H H H H H H H H H

19. How does it occur (con’t)? Stage 1: Light reactions
4. The reason that plants need water is so that water can be split: electrons from water molecules are used to replenish those lost by Photosystem II (Water is split into 2H+, O, and electrons)
5. There is a high concentration of protons (H+) accumulating inside the thylakoid. The H+ build up inside as they are pumped in during ETC, and as water is split.
6. H+ moves down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase, a protein in the thylakoid membrane that makes ATP from ADP. This is called Chemiosmosis
Stroma
Thylakoid
Membrane
Inside
thylakoid H H H H H H H
ATP

20. How does it occur (con’t)? Stage 1: Light reactions
In photosystem I (after photosysten II), light excites electrons, which travel down another ETC.
2. As electrons lose energy through photosystem I, proteins in the ETC help a chemical reaction that combines NADP+ , protons (H+), and the electrons to produce NADPH, a high-energy “carrier molecule” that is used in Stage 2 of Photosynthesis
3. Where does photosystem I get its continuous supply of electrons from?
Stroma
Thylakoid
Membrane
Inside
thylakoid
NADPH
NADPH H H H H H H H

21. CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  O2 + C6H12O6
Photosynthesis Recap for Phase 1: light-dependent reactions
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  O2 + C6H12O6
Does photosynthesis produce energy, or require energy, in order to occur?
What, specifically, does the sunlight’s energy do in the light reactions?
What is the role of chlorophyll in the light reactions?
Why is active transport so important during the light reactions? (use the term ATP synthase in your answer)
Where do photosystem II, and photosystem I, get their continuous supply of electrons?
What is the goal, or purpose of the light reactions?

22. JQ: Which colors do chlorophyll absorb best?
Plants are green because it helps them absorb blue and red light, which are the most energy-efficient colors to absorb from our sun.
Absorption Spectrum for
Photosynthetic pigments

23. Photosynthesis Recap for Phase 1 CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  O2 + C6H12O6
We don’t
know yet
(Phase II)
Is used to
Excite Electrons in
photosystem II And
Photosystem I so
They move down
electron transport
chain, powering H+
gradient to Make ATP
and help make NADPH
Comes from
Splitting of water
H’s go into
Thylakoid to establish
Steep gradient
2. O combines with
another O
and diffuses out
Of plant
(this is why plants
make oxygen)
3. Electrons from H’s
replenish those lost
in photosystem II
We don’t
know yet
(Phase II)

24. How does it occur (con’t)?
Stage 2: Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
What happens here: CO2 + ATP + NADPH  C6H12O6 (Glucose)
2. CO2 moves through stomata (pores in bottom of leaves) from atmosphere, diffuses through cell membrane and through chloroplast membrane into the Stroma. (what type of diffusion occurs here?)
3. CO2 undergoes a series of chemical reactions with other molecules to form C6H12O6 (Glucose) . Energy from the ATP and NADPH are used to power the chemical reactions. NADP+ and ADP are sent back to light reactions
4. When CO2 is used in chemical reactions in order to form molecules inside plants/producers, like glucose, it is called Carbon Fixation.

25. Calvin Cycle Reactions

26. Step 1 of Photosynthesis: Light reactions (thylakoid)
Step 2 of Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions (stroma)

27. Summary of Photosynthesis (con’t)?
Both the light reactions and “dark” reactions are occurring at the same time within the chloroplast, but there are differences.
Complete the chart to quiz yourself on some of the basics of photosynthesis
Light Reactions
“Dark Reactions” / Calvin Cycle
1. Where does it occur?
2. What are the reactants (chemicals that go into the process)
What are the products (chemicals that are made from the process
Key players involved?
Other notes:

28. Can we capitalize on photosynthesis?
Link to leaf-inspired solar panel
For a very long time, nature has influenced mankind’s technology.

29. Alien Plants?
Based on the colors of the plants on Pandora, how similar is the sunlight they receive, and their absorption spectrum is to the plants on earth?

30. 4. Why is photosynthesis so important to life on earth?
Wrap-Up Photosynthesis
What is it?
Who Does it?
Where does it happen?
4. Why is photosynthesis so important to life on earth?

31. How do plants manage all this?
Woodland timelapse
Click on:
Meat-eating plant
Parasitic plant
After all, they are barely living, right?

32. You Need Your Text Book Today
Take test
Complete the Nucleic Acid Vocab (guesses and actual)
Read 193 thru 199 and complete:
pg. 195 #1-3,
pg. 199 # 1-5