1. Origins of the Movement
Civil Rights
Origins of the Movement

2. Standards and Objective
SSHS-S1C9-03-c Strand 1: American History Concept 9: Postwar United States PO 3: Describe aspects of post World War II American society c. protest movements
Students will comprehend the African American protest movements by discussing the major events that segregated and desegregated the United States.

3. Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to segregate blacks and whites 1896
Separate but equal as long as the facilities were equal
The quality of the faculties for African Americans were almost always worse
Even when there weren’t specific laws segregating whites and blacks there was “de facto segregation”

4. Jim Crow Where did the name come from?
Not just laws but also norms and etiquette
A black man could not shake hands with a white man because that implied that they were socially equal
Blacks were not allowed to show affection in public especially not kissing since this was seen with disgust by whites.
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5. Brown v. Board of Education
1954 Desegregated schools
Is recognized as the ruling that helped overturn Plessy v. Ferguson
Many states and schools fought the ruling, establishing requirements that made it impossible for African Americans to attend the schools
101 Southern members of Congress signed the “Southern Manifesto” denouncing the Supreme Court’s ruling as “a clear abuse of judicial power” and that they would use all lawful means to reverse the decision

6. Loving v. Virginia
By the late 1950s, interracial marriage was illegal in half of the states including Virginia
Mildred who was African American married Richard Loving a white man in Washington D.C.
When they returned home to Virginia they were arrested for illegal cohabitation
They were sentenced to a year in prison unless they left the state for 25 years

7. Loving v. Virginia
The judge said: "Almighty God created the races white, black, yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents.... The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix.“
When they returned to Virginia 5 years later there were arrested for traveling together
They then took their case to the Supreme Court
They were married in 1958 and in the court ruled that it was unconstitutional for a state to ban interracial marriage

8. Let’s Discuss
What is “de facto segregation” and how is it different from other segregation?
In what ways is “separate but equal” wrong?
How does what you learned connect to today?

9. Segregation in Little Rock Arkansas
The School Board in Little Rock was under court order to integrate nine students into Central High School
The Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, wanted to show his support for white supremacy to help his reelection
He ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine students from entering the school
This was the first time since the Civil War that a state had used armed forces to oppose the federal government

10. Crisis in Little Rock
Eisenhower tried talking to Faubus but it didn’t work
Eisenhower told Faubus to removed the troops
Faubus did so but let the angry mob of white people do what they wanted resulting in two African American reporters getting beaten and many broken windows
Eisenhower had to finally send in the army, more than 1,000 troops had to protect the students as they entered the school
The troops had to remain in Little Rock for the rest of the school year

11. Rosa Parks
On buses during the 1950s the front seats were reserved for whites and the back for blacks
Rosa Parks was told by the bus driver to give up her seat for a white man
When she refused the police were called and she was arrested
This sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
They formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and Martin Luther King Jr. was elected to lead them

12. In Conclusion… What is the significance of Little Rock?
What do you think the message is in this picture of Orval Faubus? 
Objective: Students will comprehend the African American protest movements by discussing the major events that segregated and desegregated the United States.
Did we achieve the objective?