1. Chapter 11

2. The Texas Revolution
Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican priest, led an unsuccessful revolt against Spain in 1810
Mexico gained independence in 1821
The new Mexican government hired empresarios, or agents, to bring settlers to Texas
Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, father of Mexico’s independence

3. American Settlers
Stephen F. Austin, an agent, started a colony on the lower Colorado River in 1822
Success attracted more American settlers, who received free land in exchange for obeying Mexican laws
Mexico was concerned about the number of American’s and banned further settlement
Stephen F. Austin, the founder of Texas

4. Santa Ana
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana became the ruler of Mexico

5. Texans Revolt War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas
Texas declares independence on March 2, 1836
The Republic of Texas was established
Sam Houston was named head of the Texas army
Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to seek money and troops
Sam Houston

7. Battle at the Alamo Texan’s actions angered Santa Ana
Texas force of fewer than 200, led by Colonel Jim Travis, occupied Alamo mission near San Antonio
From Feb. 23 to March 6, 1846, Texans held out against huge Mexican army
All defenders killed in Mexican attack on March 6

8. The Alamo
Jim Bowie was an American pioneer, soldier, smuggler, slave trader, and land speculator
Davy Crockett was an American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician.

9. Battle of San Jacinto Santa Ana chased Texans under Sam Houston east
Texans took a stand at San Jacinto River near Galvaston Bay
Houston’s forces attacked on April 21, 1836, and destroyed the Mexican army
Santa Ana is captured and forced to sign a treaty giving Texas independence

10. An Independent Nation Houston was a hero and is elected president
Austin becomes his secretary of state
Texas offers land grants to new settlers
Many come from nearby states bringing their slaves with them
Most Texans hoped the U.S. would annex, or take control of, Texas and make it a state
President Jackson recognized Texas as an independent nation but did not want to upset the balance of free and slave states by letting a slave state enter the union

12. Columbia

13. Acquiring New Territory
Polk is president
Many Americans had settled in the Oregon territory
They wanted to become part of the United States
Pacific port: Growing trade with China
1846: Great Britain and U.S. signed a treaty giving U.S. all of Oregon south of the 49th parallel.

14. March 1845: Congress approved annexation of Texas
Americans continued to pour into Texas
This angered Mexico which considered Texas to be a “stolen province.”

15. After the annexation of Texas in 1844, it was only a matter of time before war between Texas and the United States would happen.
President Polk sent general Zachary Taylor to Texas to protect the American border with Mexico.

16. California under Mexico
Mexico also controlled present-day Arizona, Nevada, California, and New Mexico
Mission system dominated much of the southwest, especially in California where it was the focus of every day life

17. https://youtu.be/BmEK8rx1_qA

18. Missions Missions were broken up in the 1830s by Mexico
Land grants were given to the wealthiest California settlers
Created vast ranchos or ranches
Worked by vaqueros or cowboys

19. Californios 1820: Only about 3200 colonists in California.
Felt little connection to gov’t in Mexico
Calls for independence increased tensions between the U.S. and Mexico
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

20. Mexican-American War
U.S. involvement in Calif. and Texas creates tension
Dispute over border with Mexico
Nueces or Rio Grande
U.S. offered to buy Calif. and New Mexico but were turned away
March 1846: General Taylor led troops to the Rio Grande where they clashed with Mexican troops. Americans were killed
Polk asks Congress to declare war.

21. What did the U.S. want from war with Mexico?
Land
Remember manifest destiny?
The U.S. wanted all the land west of Texas including California.

22. U.S. has huge technological advantage
Artillery - superior large guns and better ammunition
better rifles and handguns, including the colt revolver
telegraph = better communications

23. U.S. has a huge population and economic advantage
U.S million people
Mexico - 7 million people
U.S. - growing economy
Mexico - in debt

25. War Begins
Taylors forces win battles south of the Rio Grande in Mexico
General Stephen Kearny seized control of New Mexico
Americans seized Sonoma and declared Calif. To be an independent nation
Started the Bear Flag Revolt

26. Bear Flag Revolt
John C. Fremont, leader of a U.S. Army mapping expedition, entered Calif. to support its independence
U.S. naval and military forces invaded Calif. in July 1846 and claimed Calif. for the United States.

27. War’s End
General Taylor’s forces defeated the Mexican army at Buena Vista in 1847
It was a fierce battle with heavy casualties on both sides
General Winfield Scott forces seized the port of Veracruz, the strongest fortress in Mexico
1847: Scott’s troops take Mexico City

28. Deaths during the war
One out of ten American soldiers died in less than two years of service
Disease accounted for 7/8 of the deaths.
Crowded, unsanitary conditions and impure water led to dysentery, lice, and other diseases that spread rapidly.
12,518 American soldiers died during the war.

29. War’s End Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the war in 1848
Mexican cession included present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming
Mexican’s living in those areas were “protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religion.”

30. Gadsden Purchase, 10 million, rest of Arizona and New Mexico

31. Surge of American Settlers
Size of the U.S. increased by 25%
After the war, American’s flood into the region
Anglo settles often claimed Mexican lands
Mexican’s were discriminated against
What are some of the influences of Mexican’s in our country today?

32. California Gold Rush