1. The Thirty Years War
(It lasted 30 years)

2. People are talking “smack” about you in this room, how do you defend yourself?

3. Society in the Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to?
Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid?

6. “Nation” (In the Middle Ages)
Who leads a nation?
Who grants that leader the authority to rule?
By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages?

7. Example of a Middle-Ages Nation: Holy Roman Empire
Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes
“United” by a single Emperor,
Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land
Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward
Often “ruled” from an outside country
These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another

8. Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555
Signed by Emperor Charles V
Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom
What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?
How effective do you think this peace was?

12. Yup, you’re right
In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism.
Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area.
How might have the people of Bohemia reacted?

14. Fighting Breaks Out
In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor.
Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague.
Ferdinand II tried to conquer neighboring kingdoms to convert them to Catholicism.

15. Defenestration of Prague

16. A Civil War
This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire.
None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers
What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid?

17. Other Nations Join
Why would other nations join the war?

18. Other Nations Join “Help a brother out” Catholics versus Protestants
Squeezed in the middle
Take territory

19. Domestic Effects of the War
Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food.
As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages.

21. Peace of Westphalia
Wanted to make sure these wars would not happen again
New individual nation states were created
Sovereign AKA in complete control
King can govern without the pope’s permission
Stays out of foreign affairs, but has TOTAL control at home
ABSOLUTE MONARCHS!!!!!!!!!!
It revolutionized Europe – Goes from Medieval to Modern