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2. Standardized Test Prep
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Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 25 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Section 4 Protists and Humans

4. Chapter 25 Objectives Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Define protist.
Describe a hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells.
Explain how protists are classified.
Describe the two major ways by which protists obtain energy.
List three structures protists use for movement.
Describe how protists reproduce.

5. A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes
Protists are unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals.

6. Characteristics of Protists
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Characteristics of Protists

7. A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes, continued
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes, continued
The First Eukaryotes
Evidence suggests that the first protists arose from endosymbiotic prokaryotes.

8. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

9. Chapter 25 Classification
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Classification
Protists are classified by the characteristics that make them fungus-like, plant-like, or animal-like.

10. Chapter 25 Characteristics Unicellular and Multicellular
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Characteristics
Unicellular and Multicellular
Most protists are unicellular, but some form large, multicellular bodies.

11. Comparing Organisms that are Unicellular and Multicellular
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Comparing Organisms that are Unicellular and Multicellular

12. Characteristics, continued
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Characteristics, continued
Nutrition
Many protists are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food.
Other protists are heterotrophs, organisms that must get their food by eating other organisms or their byproducts.

13. Characteristics, continued
Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Characteristics, continued
Motility
Protists use flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia for locomotion.

14. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Reproduction
Protists reproduce either asexually, sexually, or both.
They reproduce asexually by binary fission or multiple fission.
They often reproduce sexually by conjugation.

15. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists
Chapter 25
Protist Reproduction

16. Chapter 25 Objectives Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Discuss the key characteristics of Protozoa, Ciliophora, Sarcomastigophora, and Apicomplexa.
Describe how protozoa use pseudopodia to move and to capture food.
Explain how ciliates move and reproduce.
Describe how mastigophorans move and capture food.
Describe the role of apicomplexans in disease.

17. Chapter 25 Phylum Protozoa
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Protozoa
Animal-like protists can be found in the phylum Protozoa.
Protozoa use large, rounded, cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia for both movement and feeding.

18. Phylum Protozoa, continued
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Protozoa, continued
Protozoan Diversity
Protozoans include organisms that inhabit the oceans, lakes, soil and even the human intestines.

19. Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Ciliophora
Animal-like protists include the phylum Ciliophora.
Ciliates move using cilia, which are short, hairlike, cytoplasmic projections that line the cell membrane.

20. Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Paramecium

21. Phylum Ciliophora, continued
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Ciliophora, continued
Characteristics
Ciliates have the most elaborate organelles, including two types of nuclei.

22. Feeding Habits of a Ciliate
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Feeding Habits of a Ciliate

23. Phylum Ciliophora, continued
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Ciliophora, continued
Reproduction
Ciliates reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by conjugation.

24. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Animal-like protists include the phyla Protozoa, Sarcomastigophora.
For locomotion, sarcomastigophorans use flagella.

25. Chapter 25 Phylum Apicomplexa
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Phylum Apicomplexa
Animal-like protists include the phyla Apicomplexa.
These protists are animal parasites.

26. Types of Animal-like Protists
Section 2 Animal-like Protists
Chapter 25
Types of Animal-like Protists

27. Chapter 25 Objectives Describe four main body forms of algae.
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Objectives
Describe four main body forms of algae.
List the common name for each of the seven phyla of plantlike protists.
Explain how green algae and plants are similar.
Describe four phyla of funguslike protists.
Compare plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, and water molds.

28. Characteristics of Algae
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Characteristics of Algae
Algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular.
Seven phyla of plantlike protists are Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, Chrysophyta, and Euglenophyta.

29. Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists
Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
The phylum Chlorophyta contains more than 17,000 identified species of protists called green algae.
Both green algae and plants have chlorophylls and accessory pigments, store food as starch, and have cell walls made up of cellulose.

30. Plantlike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists, continued
Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
The phylum Phaeophyta includes approximately 1,500 species of multicellular organisms called brown algae.
Brown algae are mostly marine organisms, and they include plantlike seaweeds and kelps.

31. Plantlike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists, continued
Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
The 4,000 species in the phylum Rhodophyta are known as red algae.
A few species of red algae live in fresh water or on land, but most red algae are marine seaweeds.

32. Plantlike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists, continued
Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
The phylum Bacillariophyta contains as many as 100,000 species of unicellular protists called diatoms.

33. Plantlike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists, continued
Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)
More than 2,000 species of organisms called dinoflagellates make up the phylum Dinoflagellata.
Some species of dinoflagellates, such as those in genus Noctiluca, can produce bioluminescence, a display of sparkling light often seen in ocean water at night.

34. Plantlike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists, continued
Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae)
The phylum Chrysophyta contains about 1,000 species of golden algae. Most golden algae live in fresh water, but a few species are found in marine environments.

35. Plantlike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Plantlike Protists, continued
Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
The phylum Euglenophyta contains about 1,000 species of flagellated unicellular algae called euglenoids.
Euglenoids are both plantlike and animal-like. Many are autotrophic, like plants, but they lack a cell wall and are highly motile, like animals.

36. Chapter 25 Structure of Euglena
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Structure of Euglena

37. Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Funguslike Protists
Biologists recognize two groups of funguslike protists: slime molds and water molds.

38. Funguslike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Funguslike Protists, continued
Phylum Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds)
Plasmodial slime molds are multinucleate.
As the plasmodium creeps along the forest floor by cytoplasmic streaming, it consumes decaying leaves and other debris by phagocytosis.

39. Funguslike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Funguslike Protists, continued
Phylum Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Mold)
Cellular slime molds live as individual haploid cells that move about like amoebas.
Each cell moves as an independent organism, creeping over the ground or swimming in fresh water and ingesting food.

40. Funguslike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Funguslike Protists, continued
Phylum Oomycota (Water Molds)
Water molds are composed of branching filaments and many of this phylum are parasitic.

41. Funguslike Protists, continued
Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists
Chapter 25
Funguslike Protists, continued
Phylum Chytridiomycota (Water Molds)
Members of phylum Chytridiomycota, or the chytrids, are primarily aquatic protists characterized by gametes and zoospores with a single, posterior flagellum.

42. Chapter 25 Objectives Section 4 Protists and Humans
State four environmental roles of protists.
Describe algal blooms and red tides and their impact.
State an important role for protists in research.
List a use of protists as food and three uses of protist byproducts.
Describe four protist-caused diseases.

43. Protists in the Environment
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists in the Environment
Protists produce large amounts of oxygen, form the foundation of food webs, recycle materials, and play a role in several symbiotic relationships.

44. Protists in the Environment, continued
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists in the Environment, continued
Ecology of Protists
Algal blooms can lead to the depletion of oxygen in water.
Red tides produce harmful toxins.

45. Chapter 25 Protists in Research
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists in Research
Research on protists has helped biologists understand a number of fundamental cellular functions, such as leukocyte movement.

46. Chapter 25 Protists in Industry Protists as Food
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists in Industry
Protists as Food
For thousands of years, humans have been collecting seaweeds for food.

47. Protists in Industry, continued
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists in Industry, continued
Protist Byproducts
Protists provide important byproducts, such as alginate, carrageenan, and agar.

48. Chapter 25 Protists and Health
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists and Health
Parasitic protists cause malaria, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and trichomoniasis in humans.

49. Chapter 25 Protists and Health Malaria
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Protists and Health
Malaria
Parasitic protists in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria, which is characterized by severe chills, headache, fever, and fatigue.
Each year, nearly 3 million people die from malaria.

50. Life Cycle of Plasmodium
Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Life Cycle of Plasmodium

51. Section 4 Protists and Humans
Chapter 25
Malaria Life Cycle

52. Chapter 25 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Most scientists believe that protists evolved from which of the following?
A. fungi
B. plants
C. euglenoids
D. prokaryotes

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Most scientists believe that protists evolved from which of the following?
A. fungi
B. plants
C. euglenoids
D. prokaryotes

54. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Protist habitats are often characterized by the presence of which of the following?
F. soil
G. algae
H. blood
J. moisture

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Protist habitats are often characterized by the presence of which of the following?
F. soil
G. algae
H. blood
J. moisture

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Flagella are characteristic of members of which phylum?
A. Protozoa
B. Ciliophora
C. Apicomplexa
D. Sarcomastigophora

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Flagella are characteristic of members of which phylum?
A. Protozoa
B. Ciliophora
C. Apicomplexa
D. Sarcomastigophora

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the table below to answer questions The table shows cases of amebiasis and malaria in the United States between 1986 and 1994.

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. How many people had malaria in 1992?
F. 1,087
G. 1,229
H. 1,292
J. 2,942

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. How many people had malaria in 1992?
F. 1,087
G. 1,229
H. 1,292
J. 2,942

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. How did the number of cases of amebiasis change between 1986 and 1994?
A. The number of cases increased.
B. The number of cases decreased.
C. The number of cases stayed the same.
D. The number of cases increased, then decreased.

62. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. How did the number of cases of amebiasis change between 1986 and 1994?
A. The number of cases increased.
B. The number of cases decreased.
C. The number of cases stayed the same.
D. The number of cases increased, then decreased.

63. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
6. Bacillariophyta : autotrophs :: Apicomplexa :
F. cilia
G. flagella
H. parasites
J. plasmodium

64. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
6. Bacillariophyta : autotrophs :: Apicomplexa :
F. cilia
G. flagella
H. parasites
J. plasmodium

65. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph shows the cycle of fever in a malaria patient.
7. In this patient, how often does the cycle of fever repeat?
A. every 12 h
B. every 24 h
C. every 48 h
D. every 96 h

66. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph shows the cycle of fever in a malaria patient.
7. In this patient, how often does the cycle of fever repeat?
A. every 12 h
B. every 24 h
C. every 48 h
D. every 96 h

67. Chapter 25 Short Response Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed.
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed.
What would happen to malaria cases during a dry season and during a wet season?

68. Short Response, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed.
What would happen to malaria cases during a dry season and during a wet season?
Answer: During the dry season, malaria cases would decrease because there are fewer mosquitoes. Cases would increase during the wet season because there are more mosquitoes.

69. Chapter 25 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
A scientist wants to examine the effect of fertilizer on algal blooms. In the laboratory, the scientist adds increasing amounts of fertilizer to three samples of pond water and adds no fertilizer to a fourth sample of pond water.
Part A Which samples will show increased algal growth? Explain your answer.
Part B How can the scientist apply his or her laboratory results to a natural ecosystem? Compare the scientist’s experiment to a natural ecosystem, such as a pond.

70. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 25
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A All of the samples to which fertilizer was added should show increased algal growth in proportion to the amount of fertilizer added. The nutrients in fertilizer promote algal growth.
Part B Sample answer: The scientist can study water samples from the environment for the amount of fertilizer in each. He or she can then compare the water samples to his laboratory results. The scientist’s experiment lacks some of the factors found in ecosystems, such as algal consumers, changes in weather, and additional nutrients.