1. Walk Like an Egyptian

2. Chapter 3: Nile Civilizations

4. Section 1 - The Kingdom of Egypt
Main Idea
Egypt was one of the most stable and long-lasting civilizations of the ancient world.
Focus
How did geography influence Egypt’s early history?
What achievements were made in the Old Kingdom?
What happened during the Middle Kingdom?
What was Egypt like during the New Kingdom?

5. I. Geography and Early Egypt
Nile River: dominant
physical feature, 4,000+
miles long, flows north
through Sahara Desert

6. I. Geography and Early Egypt
Prevailing north-to-south winds enabled boats to sail south, up the river

7. Trade goods moved north with river’s current, and south with the wind
I. Geography and Early Egypt
Trade goods moved north with river’s current, and south with the wind

8. A. The Geography of Egypt
Nile flooding was predictable - 3 months each
summer – left behind fertile black silt
The "Nilometer“ - vertical markings along the stairway were used to measure the height of Nile flooding. The pharaohs used this information to predict the bounty of the crops and set the tax rates accordingly.

9. A. The Geography of Egypt
Flooding created a narrow band of fertile soil; became home to Egyptian civilization

10. A. The Geography of Egypt
Nile Delta - most fertile soil; Egyptians named their country the “Black Land” and surrounding desert the “Red Land”

11. A. The Geography of Egypt
Harsh deserts and cataracts on Nile helped protect Egypt from invasion

12. B. Two Kingdoms
5000 BC - First farming villages; over time two kingdoms developed

13. Wadjet, Goddess of Lower Egypt, Papyrus, and Protector of Pharaoh
B. Two Kingdoms
Lower Egypt - the northern kingdom; occupied most of Nile Delta; worshipped a cobra goddess
Wadjet, Goddess of Lower Egypt, Papyrus, and Protector of Pharaoh

14. B. Two Kingdoms
Upper Egypt - the southern kingdom from delta to first cataract; worshipped a vulture goddess
The goddess Nekhbet, Egyptian mother-goddess, guardian of Upper Egypt, and protector of the pharoah

15. C. Unification
c BC - Two kingdoms unified when Menes conquered Lower Egypt and founded Memphis as his capital
Menes, aka Narmer, Catfish, Aha and Scorpion; ruled sometime between B.C

16. The Narmer Palette dates from about the 31st century BC and contains some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found. It is believed to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmer. On one side the king is wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and the other side depicts the king wearing the crown of Lower Egypt. It provides one of the earliest known depictions of an Egyptian king and may be "the first historical document in the world“.

17. C. Unification
Menes adopted both symbols, the snake and vulture; combined the Red and White crowns

18. Menes founded the first of 31 dynasties
C. Unification
Menes founded the first of 31 dynasties
Tomb painting, Temple of Abydos, Egypt, Dynasty XIX, 1317 BC

19. II. The Old Kingdom
c BC - Third dynasty, start of Old Kingdom period; laid foundations for Egyptian institutions

20. A. The Pyramids
Tombs for pharaohs; hollow chamber for burial and treasure; protected by traps

21. A. The Pyramids
Design changed over time from step to smooth-sided; built from inside out
Step Pyramid of Djoser ( BC), the second king of the 3rd Dynasty at Saqqara. Designed by Imhotep, who stacked six traditional stone platforms on top of each other

22. A. The Pyramids
Designed by professional craftsmen; peasants worked one month a year, not built by slaves

23. Tomb wall paintings depict young King Tutankhamen victorious in battle
B. The Pharaohs
Ruler was the pharaoh: held absolute power, owned all land, led army, and acted as judge
Tomb wall paintings depict young King Tutankhamen victorious in battle

24. B. The Pharaohs
Pharaoh was a god; government and religion intertwined, creating a theocracy
The sun disc Aten shining on the names of the royal family
Akhenaton under the rays of Aten holding the fruits of the harvest

25. C. Egyptian Bureaucracy
Rule aided by a bureaucracy; vizier most powerful official, other officials ran Egypt

26. III. The Middle Kingdom
c BC: Old Kingdom collapsed when pharaohs lost power to nobles

27. Mentuhotep II (11th dyansty) First Ruler of the Middle Kingdom
III. The Middle Kingdom
c BC - New dynasty brought stability; start of Middle Kingdom - Egypt’s “golden age”
Arts and crafts flourished during the Middle Kingdom, as is shown in this amulet of Sesostris III, 5th pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty
Mentuhotep II (11th dyansty) First Ruler of the Middle Kingdom

28. III. The Middle Kingdom
Trade increased, protected by fortresses built along Nile
Trade Caravan

29. III. The Middle Kingdom
c BC: Middle Kingdom ended - Hyksos used new technology to conquer Lower Egypt
Composite bow made of woods, horn, sinew and covered in birch bark

30. IV. The New Kingdom
Nobles from Thebes end Hyksos’ 100-year reign, became the new rulers

31. IV. The New Kingdom
Created a permanent army; won an empire that stretched from Nubia to the Euphrates

32. IV. The New Kingdom
c BC - Hatshepsut seized power, became Egypt’s only female pharaoh

33. Hatshepsut’s face obliterated Hatshepsut’s cartouche
IV. The New Kingdom
Best known for trade expedition to Punt; nephew tried to remove all traces of her reign
Hatshepsut’s face obliterated
Hatshepsut’s cartouche
erased

34. Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children
IV. The New Kingdom
1353 BC - Amenhotep IV became pharaoh; banned worship of all gods but sun god Aten
Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children

35. IV. The New Kingdom
c.1250 BC–Ramses II led army against Hittites; truce signed, Ramses married Hittite princess

36. Ramses’ Temple at Luxor
IV. The New Kingdom
Ramses ruled 60 years, built more temples and monuments than any other pharaoh
Temple of Karnak - Ramses II with his daughter Bent'anta  
Ramses’ Temple at Luxor

37. Temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia
V. Egypt’s Decline
Reign of Ramses II marked last period of Egypt’s greatness
Temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia

38. Invasion of the Sea Peoples, c.1177
V. Egypt’s Decline
In-fighting and invasion of the Sea Peoples weakened Egypt; Egypt fell to Rome in 30 BC
Invasion of the Sea Peoples, c.1177

40. This image shows an Egyptian limestone statue, depicting an unidentified woman, carved during the New Kingdom Period, dating from between 1550 BC to 1050 BC. The bust on display at Chicago’s Field Museum has been the focus of interest since the death of singer Michael Jackson as visitors double-take at the eerie similarities between the 3,000-year-old statue and the singer.