1. Year 9 PE – Knowledge Organisers
Football Key Skills
Dribbling
Dribbling allows you to move the ball around the field without losing possession. Keep the ball close to your feet at all times, when running with it. Use the inside of your foot to control the ball when moving. Don’t look down when running with the ball. Keep your head up.
Passing
Non-kicking foot is closest to the ball.
Kicking foot needs to be at the right angle to the ball. Body over the ball. Eyes focused on the ball and arms are used for balance.
Shooting
Non kicking foot needs to be next to the ball and player needs to keep their body balanced with their head slightly over the top of the ball. Contact the ball either with the side of the foot (placement of ball) top of the foot (to generate power)
Both legs need to be flexed but when striking the ball, kicking foot needs to be fully extended on the follow through. For accuracy, aim between the goalkeeper and the posts.
Heading
The forehead is used to contact the ball. Eye must be focused on the ball. Meet the ball your head by moving your feet or jumping to gain the extra height. Do not wait for the ball to hit your forehead.
Chest
Used when the ball is played in the air, to bring it down on the floor. Player needs to align himself with the ball. Roll their shoulders back to create a bigger surface to control the ball bend your knees to get the ball onto the floor.
Rules
Game is started by a kick off in the centre of the pitch, on the referees whistle.
The main game has 11 players on the pitch (consisting of Goal keeper, defenders, midfielders and strikers)
A referee and 2 lines people who officiate the game.
If the ball is played outside of the pitch lines, then the possession is given to the opposing team either as a throw in, goal keepers kick 9off the floor) or corner.
If a foul is committed a free kick or penalty is issued (depending on the incident)
To score a goal, the ball must cross the oppositions goal line.
The team with the most goals at the end of the game will win the game.
Key Words/Phrases
Warm up
Cool down
Side foot
Attack
Defend
Foul
Referee
Volley
Accuracy
Reaction time

2. Year 9 Badminton RULES OF BADMINTON
Service is the most important shot in badminton.
Low Serve
Forehand:
- Stand behind the service line
- Sideways stance, lead with your non-racket leg , weight on your back foot
- Bring your racket back to waist level
- Swing forward, pushing the shuttle low over the net
Backhand:
- Lead with your racket leg, non racket leg slightly behind with your feet pointing forward
- Short backswing then bring the racket forward
- Hold the shuttle in front of your waist level
- Push the shuttle, keeping it low
 High Serve:
- Played with a forehand underarm action
- Bring your racket back (to almost shoulder level) and swing forward
- Drop the shuttle slightly out in front of your body and hit it with power to make sure it reaches the back of the court
Clears
Clears can be played overhead or underarm, they both move your opponent to the back of the court. The action is similar to throwing a ball. 
- Forehand grip
- Sideways stance to the net, weight on your back foot
- Bend your elbow and take the racket back
Contact the shuttle as high as possible and in front
of your body, straighten your elbow as you hit the shuttle
Follow through with your racket, weight is transferred
to front foot
Smash
The smash is an attacking shot, a good smash is un-returnable. It is hit with power and speed, downward towards your opponent’s court
- Contact the shuttle as high as possible and in front of your body using a strong throwing action,
- Straighten your elbow as you hit the shuttle, snap down your wrist at the point of impact to add extra power and angle
RULES OF BADMINTON
Here are some of the rules of the game of badminton:
The game is played up to 21 points. If the score reaches 20-20, the winner is the player or team with a two point advantage 
If the score goes up to 29-29, the winner is first to reach 30 points.
The service must be made diagonally across court
The server must serve the shuttlecock with the head of the racket below waist height.
A shuttle landing on the line is in.
If a shuttle hits the net either on service or during a rally, play continues.
A player may not make contact with the net with either the racket or their body
The shuttle must be contacted on the player’s own side of the net.
One touch of the shuttle on your own side
Singles:
You must serve from the right service court when you have no points or an even number of points.
You must serve from the left service court when you have an odd number of points.
Points are awarded to the winner of each rally.
You lose service if you fail to return the shuttlecock, hit it out of court or into the net.
If the shuttle hits the ground within the boundary the point is awarded to the player who hits the shuttle.
Doubles:
In doubles, the player on the right always starts the serve and, when a point is won, the players switch sides and then serves from the left, continuing to alternate until a serve is lost
After service you can hit the shuttle anywhere in the entire court.
Year 9 Badminton

3. Year 8 Badminton RULES OF BADMINTON
Service is the most important shot in badminton.
Low Serve
Forehand:
- Stand behind the service line
- Sideways stance, lead with your non-racket leg , weight on your back foot
- Bring your racket back to waist level
- Swing forward, pushing the shuttle low over the net
Backhand:
- Lead with your racket leg, non racket leg slightly behind with your feet pointing forward
- Short backswing then bring the racket forward
- Hold the shuttle in front of your waist level
- Push the shuttle, keeping it low
 High Serve:
- Played with a forehand underarm action
- Bring your racket back (to almost shoulder level) and swing forward
- Drop the shuttle slightly out in front of your body and hit it with power to make sure it reaches the back of the court
Clears
Clears can be played overhead or underarm, they both move your opponent to the back of the court. The action is similar to throwing a ball. 
- Forehand grip
- Sideways stance to the net, weight on your back foot
- Bend your elbow and take the racket back
Contact the shuttle as high as possible and in front
of your body, straighten your elbow as you hit the shuttle
Follow through with your racket, weight is transferred
to front foot
Smash
The smash is an attacking shot, a good smash is un-returnable. It is hit with power and speed, downward towards your opponent’s court
- Contact the shuttle as high as possible and in front of your body using a strong throwing action,
- Straighten your elbow as you hit the shuttle, snap down your wrist at the point of impact to add extra power and angle
RULES OF BADMINTON
Here are some of the rules of the game of badminton:
The game is played up to 21 points. If the score reaches 20-20, the winner is the player or team with a two point advantage 
If the score goes up to 29-29, the winner is first to reach 30 points.
The service must be made diagonally across court
The server must serve the shuttlecock with the head of the racket below waist height.
A shuttle landing on the line is in.
If a shuttle hits the net either on service or during a rally, play continues.
A player may not make contact with the net with either the racket or their body
The shuttle must be contacted on the player’s own side of the net.
One touch of the shuttle on your own side
Singles:
You must serve from the right service court when you have no points or an even number of points.
You must serve from the left service court when you have an odd number of points.
Points are awarded to the winner of each rally.
You lose service if you fail to return the shuttlecock, hit it out of court or into the net.
If the shuttle hits the ground within the boundary the point is awarded to the player who hits the shuttle.
Doubles:
In doubles, the player on the right always starts the serve and, when a point is won, the players switch sides and then serves from the left, continuing to alternate until a serve is lost
After service you can hit the shuttle anywhere in the entire court.
Year 8 Badminton

4. Year 8 - HANDBALL
RULES
7 players per team with 1 nominated goalkeeper (maximum of 12 players may participate in a game for each team. Substitutes may enter the game at any time through own substitution area as long as the player they are replacing has left the court.
It is illegal to keep the ball in a team's possession without making a recognisable attempt to attack and to try to score. In other words, a team cannot slow down (free-throw awarded to the other team).
No player except the GK is allowed in the goal area (unless both feet are off the floor)
A player is allowed
To run 3 steps with the ball
To hold the ball for 3 seconds
Perform unlimited dribble with 3 steps before and after dribbling (NO DOUBLE DRIBBLE)
A player is not allowed:
To endanger an opponent with the ball.
To pull, hit or punch the ball out of the hands of an opponent.
To contact the ball below the knee.
To dive on the floor for a rolling or stationary ball.
THROWING TECHNIQUE is  
• One handed throw  
• Elbow as high or higher than the shoulder
CATCHING THE BALL Catching the ball is an essential technical element in handball. Accurate catching is very important and ensures a fast, smooth and efficient game. Catching the ball with two hands is the best method. In some situations one can use one hand with the help of the other hand before passing or shooting. Position of hands while catching a ball “Make a W”
SHOOTING is performed similarly to passing, but with a stronger action of the upper body. The shot power is conditioned by the distance and hand action time on a ball. The most common shots are:‐  DRIVE SHOT & JUMP SHOT
Blocking is a way of stopping a shot. Its abut making yourself as big as possible and by putting your arms up in the air or as wide as possible depending on where the shot is coming from.

5. Year 7 Badminton RULES OF BADMINTON
Service is the most important shot in badminton.
Low Serve
Forehand:
- Stand behind the service line
- Sideways stance, lead with your non-racket leg , weight on your back foot
- Bring your racket back to waist level
- Swing forward, pushing the shuttle low over the net
Backhand:
- Lead with your racket leg, non racket leg slightly behind with your feet pointing forward
- Short backswing then bring the racket forward
- Hold the shuttle in front of your waist level
- Push the shuttle, keeping it low
 High Serve:
- Played with a forehand underarm action
- Bring your racket back (to almost shoulder level) and swing forward
- Drop the shuttle slightly out in front of your body and hit it with power to make sure it reaches the back of the court
Clears
Clears can be played overhead or underarm, they both move your opponent to the back of the court. The action is similar to throwing a ball. 
- Forehand grip
- Sideways stance to the net, weight on your back foot
- Bend your elbow and take the racket back
Contact the shuttle as high as possible and in front
of your body, straighten your elbow as you hit the shuttle
Follow through with your racket, weight is transferred
to front foot
Smash
The smash is an attacking shot, a good smash is un-returnable. It is hit with power and speed, downward towards your opponent’s court
- Contact the shuttle as high as possible and in front of your body using a strong throwing action,
- Straighten your elbow as you hit the shuttle, snap down your wrist at the point of impact to add extra power and angle
RULES OF BADMINTON
Here are some of the rules of the game of badminton:
The game is played up to 21 points. If the score reaches 20-20, the winner is the player or team with a two point advantage 
If the score goes up to 29-29, the winner is first to reach 30 points.
The service must be made diagonally across court
The server must serve the shuttlecock with the head of the racket below waist height.
A shuttle landing on the line is in.
If a shuttle hits the net either on service or during a rally, play continues.
A player may not make contact with the net with either the racket or their body
The shuttle must be contacted on the player’s own side of the net.
One touch of the shuttle on your own side
Singles:
You must serve from the right service court when you have no points or an even number of points.
You must serve from the left service court when you have an odd number of points.
Points are awarded to the winner of each rally.
You lose service if you fail to return the shuttlecock, hit it out of court or into the net.
If the shuttle hits the ground within the boundary the point is awarded to the player who hits the shuttle.
Doubles:
In doubles, the player on the right always starts the serve and, when a point is won, the players switch sides and then serves from the left, continuing to alternate until a serve is lost
After service you can hit the shuttle anywhere in the entire court.
Year 7 Badminton

6. Year 10 Sports Studies - Motivation!
Motivate: provide someone with a reason for doing something
Motivation: a desire or willingness to do something
For good health:
People who exercise usually cope better if they become ill.
Taking part in sports reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke.
For enjoyment:
Some people take part in sport for the sole reason that they just enjoy doing it, it is fun.
For competition:
Some people enjoy the excitement of competing against friends and enemies.
Even if it is just a friendly match or for a competition.
For a physical challenge:
Achieving things that people did not think was possible after serious injuries or illness is also a good motivator.
e.g. running a marathon
To improve body shape and appearance:
By taking part in sport our bodies will improve in posture and muscle tone.
When you look better you will feel better about yourself.
Taking part in sport can help lose weight and build muscle.
Rewards:
Intrinsic – for fun and enjoyment e.g a hobby
Extrinsic – Money and trophies
To mix socially:
Lots of friendships are made and last due to people we meet at sports clubs and events.
Role Models / Influences: Some people may be motivated to take part in sport because they have a favourite sports idol.
Others may have family, friends or teachers that influence them to take part in physical activity.
To relieve stress and tension:
People use sport as a distraction from daily life and stress.
It is a chance to let off some steam!
Exercising makes people feel good and sometimes relax.
Extrinsic motivation is a type of motivation which comes from rewards and outside pressures.
We may play for trophies, medals, money, to avoid letting the team down or yourself.
Effects of Extrinsic Motivation
Athletes use this motivation lots of times to work harder at their sport or to achieve rewards.
Athletes might look at what they have and get motivated at the rewards they will achieve when they win in the end.
There are also negative effects, because some athletes’ performance might decline because of what they already have and might have no more motivation or even passion for their sport. When this happens, athletes will eventually retire.
Also some athletes can over work in training and when it is time to perform you don’t have the energy.
Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behaviour because it is personally rewarding (makes you feel good) performing an activity for its own sake.
You play a sport because you have passion for participating in it, not for the rewards.
Effects of intrinsic motivation
There are mostly positive effects from intrinsic motivation because most athletes have always had passion for the sport they are in.
Without the passion they may not have become an athlete in the sport they are in.
Year 10 Sports Studies - Motivation!

7. FITNESS TESTING Year 11 - Training Methods BALANCE
GRIP DYNAMOMETER / 30 SECOND SIT UP / PRESS UP TEST
Measures: Muscular Strength
Appropriate for: Football, Rugby, Boxing and Hockey. Plus any other performer who needs to out strength an opponent.
BALANCE
Measures: Balance
Appropriate for: Gymnastics, Jockey, Diving. Plus any other performer who needs to hold a sporting position without wobbling and falling over
30 METRE SPRINT TEST
Measures: SPEED
Appropriate for: Football, Rugby, Sprinting and Netball. Plus any other performer who needs to move/run quickly to gain an advantage.
Weight Training – improves strength and muscular endurance eg bicep curls, dips, press-ups, sit-ups, squats, squats with a weight – need to think about the number of repetitions at each station or the time at each station for example 30 seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets
Continuous Training – constant rate running or cycling need to work at between 60% - 80% of your Maximum Heart Rate (220-Age = MHR) this type of training develops muscular and cardiovascular endurance but also for burning up body fat and improving body composition – this would be good for training of a 10km or marathon
FITNESS TESTING
2 TENNIS BALL TEST / 3 BALL JUGGLE
Measures: Co-ordination
Appropriate for: Tennis, Squash, Cricket, Running and kicking a ball. Plus any other performer who needs to use 2 or more body parts in a sporting action
Fitness Components
▪Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic endurance) ▪ Strength ▪Muscular endurance ▪ Flexibility ▪ Body Composition ▪ Agility ▪ Balance ▪ Co-ordination ▪ Power ▪ Reaction time ▪ Speed
Fartlek – changes of speed it involves changes in intensity without stopping eg sprint for 10 seconds, then jog for 20 seconds repeated for 2 minutes followed by long-stride running for 2 minutes. Good for activities which need a change of pace like football and basketball
SKINFOLD TEST / BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
Measures: Body Composition
Appropriate for: all sports that require to know a performers Body fat percentage.
Circuit Training – 6 – 10 stations you do specific exercise for a set amount of time before moving onto the next station. You’re allowed a short rest before moving onto the next station. All exercises are different – makes it more interesting, and can changed to meet an individual’s demands it can improve muscular and cardiovascular endurance. for example 30 seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or group of muscles can produce in a single movement or contraction.
Muscular Endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to sustain repetitive contractions over a period of time.
Speed is the ability to get from A to B quickly. To move your body or part of your body quickly.
Flexibility is the range of movement that a joint or series of joints can perform.
Cardiovascular Endurance is the ability to continue exercising with oxygen for a long period of time without tiring.
Interval training: Fixed exercise of high and low intensity exercise eg you might alternate with speed 1 min then a brisk walk for 2 mins then you will repeat for a set time this will improve cardiovascular endurance but you need to overload to improve your fitness
To improve these components try this training
Hallow Sprints develops speed and muscular endurance. It involves 40m jog, 40m sprint, 40m walk, 40m sprint you repeat this sequence over and over again.