20 Politics of the Roaring Twenties 1 2 3

20 Politics of the Roaring Twenties 1 2 3
CHAPTER 20 Politics of the Roaring Twenties Overview Time Lines 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues SECTION 2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism SECTION 3 SECTION The Business of America Chapter Assessment Transparencies

“The business of America is business.” President Calvin Coolidge
CHAPTER 20 Politics of the Roaring Twenties HOME “The business of America is business.” President Calvin Coolidge THEMES IN CHAPTER 20 Economic Opportunity Science and Technology

“The business of America is business.” President Calvin Coolidge
CHAPTER 20 Politics of the Roaring Twenties HOME “The business of America is business.” President Calvin Coolidge What do you know? • What images come to mind when you think of the Roaring Twenties? • What people and events characterized the s? • What names have been given to other decades? What might be a good nickname for the s?

20 Time Line The United States 1920 The 19th Amendment is ratified.
CHAPTER 20 Time Line HOME The United States 1920 The 19th Amendment is ratified. 1921 Saco and Vanzetti are convicted The Federal Highway Act funds a national highway system. 1922 Coal miners in Scranton, Pennsylvania go on strike. 1924 The Teapot Dome scandal erupts. 1925 A. Philip Randolph organizes Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed.

CHAPTER 20 Time Line HOME The World 1921 Chinese Communist Party is founded in Shanghai Vladimir Ilich Lenin adopts the New Economic Policy. 1922 Benito Mussolini is appointed prime minister in Italy. 1923 Adolf Hitler’s putsch in Germany fails. 1924 Vladimir Illich Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union, dies. 1926 Hirohito becomes emperor of Japan. 1928 Joseph Stalin launches the first five-year plan in the USSR. 1929 Institutional Revolutionary Party is organized in Mexico.

Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues
SECTION 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues HOME Learn About postwar conditions in America. To Understand how fear of communism affected civil liberties and the labor movement.

SECTION 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues HOME Key Idea The Russian Revolution brings a Communist government to power. Many Americans fear that a similar revolution will occur in the United States. Political radicals and labor activists meet with increasing resistance.

Section 1: Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues
Postwar Trends: Nativism: prejudice against foreign-born people Isolationism: policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs Fear of Communism Communism: an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship In order to equalize wealth and power Communists would put an end to private property, substituting government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses

Fear of Communism Cont…
The Red Scare: Occurred in 1919 Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew the Czar and established a Communist state A Communist Political Party formed in the U.S.A 70,000 members (some from the IWW…Industrial Workers of the World) The Palmer Raids Palmer and Hoover hunted down Communists, socialists, and Anarchists: people who opposed any form of government Invaded private homes and offices and jailed suspects without allowing them legal counsel…also deported foreign-born radicals Many thought Palmer was just looking for a campaign issue to run on Sacco and Vanzetti Religious Radical Italians falsely accused of murder and sentenced to death even though there was not enough evidence against them…they were not given a fair trail Showed the nativist attitude in 1920

Limiting Immigration “Keep America for Americans”
Bigot: a person who is intolerant of any creed, race, religion, or political belief that differs from his own After WWI Nativists believed that since there were fewer unskilled jobs in the US than fewer immigrants should be let into the country The Klan Rises Again By 1924 the KKK reached 4.5 million members Main Goals of the KKK in the 20’s Keep America under the control of white, native born males To get rid o other groups, including Jews, Roman Catholics, foreign born people, and radicals To oppose Union organizers To help enforce prohibition

The Quota System From 1919 to 1921 Immigration had grown 600%
Congress set up the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Quota System: established the maximum number of people who could enter the US from each foreign country The goal was to drastically cut the European immigration to the US (chart on p. 622) The law also prohibited Japanese immigration…caused resentment between the two countries System did not apply to Western Hemisphere countries Mexico and Canada immigration soared

A Time of Labor Unrest The Boston Police Strike
During the war the government would not allow strikes b/c nothing could stop the war effort 1919 saw more than 3,000 strikes in which 4 million workers walked off the job Three strikes grabbed the nations attention The Boston Police Strike Boston police had not been given a raise since before WWI Representatives asked for a raise…they were fired…the rest of the police force went on strike Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard and he was considered a hero for saving Boston and maybe even the country from anarchy and communism

A Time of Labor Unrest cont…
2. The Steel Mill Strike 300,000 Steel Workers went on strike b/c they were not allowed a shorter working day, better wages, or the right to unionize Steel Corporations hired strike-breakers (employees who agreed to work during the strike) Strike ended in 1923 after a report on the harsh working conditions of steel mills shocked the public Workers were allowed an eight hour work day but remained without a union. 3. The Coal Miners’ Strike: 1919 John Lewis: United Mine Workers of America leader- organized a strike Miners received a 27% increase in wages but did not receive a shorter workday or five-day work week until 1930’s

Labor Movement Loses Appeal
The 1920’s hurt the labor movement badly as Union memberships declined for 4 reasons 1. Much of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor conditions 2. Immigrants spoke different languages making it difficult to organize Unions 3. Farmers who moved to the cities for factory jobs did not want to be apart of Unions b/c they were used to relying on themselves 4. Most Unions excluded African Americans

SECTION 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues HOME Section 1 Assessment SEQUENCING What were the major events involving labor unions between 1917 and 1929? 1919 Boston police strike begins. Steel strike begins under William Z. Foster. Coal strike begins under John L. Lewis. 1925 A. Philip Randolph organizes the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. 1929 1917 1920 Steel strike is broken.

SECTION 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues HOME Section 1 Assessment Do you think Americans were justified in their fear of radicals and foreigners in the decade following World War I? FORMING AN OPINION the goals of the leaders of the Russian Revolution the impact of radicals in the United States the challenges facing the United States THINK ABOUT

SECTION 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues HOME Section 1 Assessment What factors led union organizers to call so many strikes in 1919? ANALYZING economic factors labor leaders’ determination to fight for worker rights THINK ABOUT

“Normalcy” and Isolationism
SECTION 2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism HOME Learn About the policies of the Harding administration. To Understand the development of postwar isolationism and the immigration quota system.

SECTION 2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism HOME Key Idea The Republicans return to isolationism and the kind of policies that characterized the period before the Progressive Era and its reform movements.

Section 2: The Harding Presidency
Warren G. Harding: won the election of 1920 1921 Harding invited major powers to the Washington Naval Conference (Russia was left out b/c of Communist government) Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes suggested that the five major naval powers (US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy) scrap many of their battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers For the first time in history powerful nations agreed to disarm In countries signed the Kellog-Briand Pact: renounced war as a national policy Pact did not mean anything as it provided no means of enforcement

High Tariffs and Reparations
France and Britain owed the US $10 Billion that they had borrowed from US for WWI Had two options to pay back 1. Selling goods to the US 2. Collecting reparations from Germany Fordney-McCumber Tariff: raised taxes on US imports to 60% Protected American business Britain and France looked to Germany to pay back reparations…Germany could not pay…almost led to another war Dawes Act: proposed by American banker Charles Dawes American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France

Scandal Hits Harding’s Administration
Americans found Harding to be a good natured President, however he is widely considered to be one of the worst Presidents in US history Ohio Gang: Presidents buddies who would cause embarrassment to the President “I have no trouble with my enemies, but my friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!”

Scandal Plagues Harding
Charles Forbes was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies Teapot Dome Scandal: Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall’s secret leasing of oil-rich land to private companies in return for money and land President Harding died in August, 1923 from an apparent heart attack or stroke. The crimes of Harding's administration were coming out just as Vice-President Calvin Coolidge was taking over Coolidge helped restore faith in the administration and in the Republican Party and he was elected President in 1924

SECTION 2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism HOME Section 2 Assessment SUMMARIZING Did the following events benefit, have a mixed impact, or harm the country? Election of Harding Naval disarmament agreement Kellogg-Briand Pact signed Fordney-McCumber Tariff passed Dawes Plan implemented Increase in immigration in 1921 Immigration quotas created Teapot Dome scandal uncovered

SECTION 2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism HOME Section 2 Assessment How do you think the Harding administration viewed the role of America in world events? GENERALZING policies on trade and tariffs efforts to enforce peace attitudes toward immigrants THINK ABOUT

SECTION 2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism HOME Section 2 Assessment How successful was Harding in fulfilling his campaign pledge of returning the country to “normalcy”? EVALUATING events in foreign relations changes in immigration laws scandals during Harding’s administration THINK ABOUT

The Business of America
SECTION 3 The Business of America HOME Learn About the impact of automobiles, electric power, advertising, and installment buying on the American consumer. To Understand how consumer goods became the foundation of the business boom of the 1920s.

SECTION 3 The Business of America HOME Key Idea During the prosperous 1920s, the automobile industry and other industries flourished. America’s standard of living rises to new heights.

Section 3: The Business of America
American Industries Flourish President Coolidge was pro-business Favored policies that would keep taxes down, business profits up, and give business more available credit in order to expand Goal was to keep government interference in business to a minimum and to allow private enterprise to flourish…survival of the fittest (opposite of Communism)

The Impact of the Automobile
Changed the landscape with the construction of paved roads…Route 66: Chicago to California Gas stations, repair shops, public garages, motels, tourist camps, and shopping centers Family life Isolated rural families could travel to town Families could vacation It allowed workers to live miles from their jobs Car became a status symbol By the end of the 1920’s 80% of automobiles were in the US…Model T and the Model A

Early 1920’s Model T Ford

1929 Model A Ford

The Young Airplane Industry
Began as a mail carrying service for the US Post Office Transatlantic flights by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart helped to promote cargo and commercial airliners Pan American Airways inaugurated the first transatlantic passenger flights in 1927

America’s Standard of Living Soars
America owned 40% of the world’s wealth Electrical Conveniences made lives easier for American families Refrigerators, toasters, washing machines, vacuums, sewing machines The Dawn of Modern Advertising Hired psychologists to appeal to people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty, health, and wealth “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet”

A Superficial Prosperity
Producing Great Quantities of Goods People could buy many goods over a period of time with little money down at low interests Buying Goods on Credit Installment Plan: enabled people to buy goods over an extended period without having to put down much money at the time of purchase Banks provided the money at low interest rates Not everyone did well in the 20’s Farmers, Railroad business, Iron and Steel Industries These business failings along with people’s irresponsible spending is going to lead the nation into the Great Depression

electrical appliances
SECTION 3 The Business of America HOME Section 3 Assessment SUMMARIZING What events illustrate the technology and business changes of the 1920s? Development of the automobile industry Invention of new electrical appliances Technology and Business Changes of the 1920s Expansion of the airline industry Spread of modern advertising

SECTION 3 The Business of America HOME Section 33 Assessment Do you agree with President Coolidge’s statement “The man who builds a factory builds a temple—the man who works there worships there.”? INTERPRETING the goals of business and of religion the American support of business the difference between workers and management THINK ABOUT

SECTION 3 The Business of America HOME Section 3 Assessment Do you think the changes in the 1920s gave Americans more control over their lives? DRAWING CONCLUSIONS the impact of new technology the influence of advertising the results of installment buying THINK ABOUT

20 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. What impact did the Russian Revolution have on the United States? 2. Explain how the Red Scare, the Saco and Vanzetti case, and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan reflected concerns held by many Americans. 3. What evidence suggests that strikes were a risky activity for workers during the 1920s? 4. What did Harding want to do to return America to “normalcy”? 5. What evidence shows that the United States was interested in an isolationist foreign policy?

20 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. Describe the primary goal of the immigration quota system established in 1921 and amended in 1924. 7. Summarize the Teapot Dome scandal. 8. How did changes in technology in the 1920s influence American life? 9. Describe the new methods used by advertisers beginning in the 1920s. 10. What evidence suggests that the prosperity of the s was not on a firm foundation?

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