Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West
28 Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

Figure 28. 1 Japanese children at school
Figure Japanese children at school. Showing children the latest in naval technology suggests the relationship between education and other aspects of Japanese development in the later 19th century. Figure Japanese children at school. Showing children the latest in naval technology suggests the relationship between education and other aspects of Japanese development in the later 19th century.

Chapter Overview Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance
Protest and Revolution in Russia Japan: Transformation without Revolution

TIMELINE 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E. TIMELINE 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

TIMELINE (continued) 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance
1861, Russia begins social, political reform Russia before Reform Anti-Westernization backlash Following Napoleon's invasion, 1812 Holy Alliance Decembrist uprising, 1825 Suppressed by Nicholas I Russia avoids revolutions of 1830, 1848

Economic and Social Problems The Peasant Question Crimean War (1854–1856) Defeat by industrial powers Alexander II turns to industrialization

Map Russian Expansion, 1815–1914 Russia continued to push to the west, south, and east. At first, its main conflicts were with the Ottoman empire. Later, however, conflicts in east Asia loomed larger. Map Russian Expansion, 1815–1914 Russia continued to push to the west, south, and east. At first, its main conflicts were with the Ottoman empire. Later, however, conflicts in east Asia loomed larger.

The Reform Era and Early Industrialization 1861, emancipation of serfs Forced to buy lands Productivity stagnant Alexander II Reforms of 1860s, 1870s Zemstvoes Military reform Some educational reform

The Reform Era and Early Industrialization Industrialization Railways Pacific reached, 1880s Siberia opened to development Factories, 1880s

Figure This late 19th-century roadside scene depicts the poverty of a Russian peasant village. What forces produced such poor conditions, even after serfdom had been abolished? Figure This late 19th-century roadside scene depicts the poverty of a Russian peasant village. What forces produced such poor conditions, even after serfdom had been abolished?

The Reform Era and Early Industrialization Industrialization Count Witte, 1892–1903 High tariffs Banking system improved Western investment sought

Protest and Revolution in Russia
The Road to Revolution Intelligentsia Ethnic minorities Demands Peasants Famine, taxes Anarchists Fail to win peasant support Suppressed

The Road to Revolution 1881, Alexander II assassinated New ideas Marxist socialism Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) Bolsheviks

The Revolution of 1905 Expansion continues Ottomans pushed back, 1870s New Slavic nations created Into Manchuria Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, 1904–05 Revolution, 1905

The Revolution of 1905 Duma created Minister Stolypin Stolypin reforms Kulaks

Map The Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese war focused on disputes over Chinese territory. Japan had acquired the Liaodong peninsula after its victory over China, but Russia and others forced it out and then maneuvered for territory of their own. Japan proposed a split of Manchuria but assumed negotiations would fail, and so attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, and later won over Russian armies in China as well. A Russian fleet sent from the Baltic was humiliated at Tsushima Strait, which effectively ended the war. Map The Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese war focused on disputes over Chinese territory. Japan had acquired the Liaodong peninsula after its victory over China, but Russia and others forced it out and then maneuvered for territory of their own. Japan proposed a split of Manchuria but assumed negotiations would fail, and so attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, and later won over Russian armies in China as well. A Russian fleet sent from the Baltic was humiliated at Tsushima Strait, which effectively ended the war.

Russia and Eastern Europe Other nations follow Russia Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece Parliaments End to serfdom Some industrialization Cultural revival Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt Mendel, Pavlov

Figure 28.3 Women marching in the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Japan: Transformation without Revolution
The Final Decades of the Shogunate Shogonate Alliance with daimyos, samurai Culture under the Tokugawa Thriving Neo-Confucianism Variety of schools, terakoya Dutch studies

The Final Decades of the Shogunate By 1850s Economy slowing Rural riots

The Challenge to Isolation Commodore Matthew Perry 1853, Japanese ports forced to open Shogunate bureaucrats Open doors reluctantly Others want to end isolation Conservative daimyos for isolation

The Challenge to Isolation Unrest 1868, shogunate defeated Meiji restoration Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)

The Separate Paths of Japan and China
Government centralization Population growth Dynastic decline Japan More flexible Benefits of imitation Political, economic vigor in 19th century China and Japan become enemies.

Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State Feudalism ended Appointed prefects from 1871 State expanded Samurai officials to United States Study, promote change

Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State 1873–1876, samurai class abolished Some find new roles Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi Political reorganization Constitution, 1889 House of Peers Diet, lower house

Japan's Industrial Revolution Westernization in other areas Military Banks Railways, steamships Tariffs, guilds removed Ministry of Industry, 1870 Model factories Zaibatsu, 1890s Industrial combines

Visualizing the Past Two Faces of Western Influence

Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization Population increase Culture Universal education Western dress adopted Conversion to Christianity limited Shintoism attracts new followers

Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization Need for raw materials Sino-Japanese War over Korea, 1894–1895 Alliance with Britain, 1902 War with Russia, 1904 Korea annexed, 1910

Map Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914 The map shows Japan's principal gains, but also the limitations that still frustrated Japanese nationalists. Map Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914 The map shows Japan's principal gains, but also the limitations that still frustrated Japanese nationalists.

The Strain of Modernization Inter-generational debate Nationalism Emperor worship

American President Theodore Roosevelt at the controls of a steam shovel during construction of the Panama Canal. The Canal greatly shortened international travel times. American President Theodore Roosevelt at the controls of a steam shovel during construction of the Panama Canal. The Canal greatly shortened international travel times.

An antique Italian Red Cross poster
An antique Italian Red Cross poster. A winged angel bends over a fallen soldier in a frame beside the international logo. Here was a major expression of new international humanitarian impulses and political organization. An antique Italian Red Cross poster. A winged angel bends over a fallen soldier in a frame beside the international logo. Here was a major expression of new international humanitarian impulses and political organization.

Five young Japanese men have arrived in London with the aim of learning from English and Western culture. Among them are Prince Ito Hirobumi (1841–1909) (top right), who would later go on to be prime minister of the first Japanese cabinet government, and Marquis Inouye (bottom left). "Study abroad" was a key element in new levels of globalization. Five young Japanese men have arrived in London with the aim of learning from English and Western culture. Among them are Prince Ito Hirobumi (1841–1909) (top right), who would later go on to be prime minister of the first Japanese cabinet government, and Marquis Inouye (bottom left). "Study abroad" was a key element in new levels of globalization.

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