1. Cell Structures & Processes
AP Biology
Chapter 6

2. Human Eye
Only sees objects >100 µm

3. Light Microscopes Advantages Disadvantages Inexpensive
View living organisms
Disadvantages
Magnification is limited

5. Electron Microscope Advantages Disadvantages Greater magnification
Expensive
Destroy the organisms

7. Calculating Total Magnification
Ocular Lens mag. X Objective mag. = Total mag. (Low Power) 10 X 4 = 40X magnification

8. Evolution of Life on Earth
All living organisms have order
Many life structures are microscopic

9. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
New cells are produced from existing cells.

10. Common Cell Characteristics
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Genetic Material
Ribosomes

11. Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Small Nucleoid region
Larger but still small
Nucleus
Many organelles

12. Organelle Groups
Nuclear Region
Cytoplasmic Region
Surface Region

13. Nuclear Region Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Control center of the cell
Contains nearly all cell DNA
Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds the nucleus
Contains nuclear pores
Move into & out of the nucleus

14. Nuclear Region Chromatin Nucleolus DNA bound to a protein
Condenses to form chromosomes
Nucleolus
Small, dense region
Assembles ribosomes

15. Cytoplasmic Region Cytoplasm
The portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Gel-like substance: allows movement
Contains many organelles

16. Cytoplasmic Region 6. Ribosome Small particles of RNA and protein
Assembles proteins based on instructions provided by the nucleus

17. Cytoplasmic Region Rough ER Smooth ER
Ribosomes are found on its surface
Involved in the synthesis of proteins
Smooth ER
Contains collections of enzymes
Synthesizes membrane lipids
Detoxifies drugs

18. Cytoplasmic Region Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) Vesicles
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or secretion
Ships proteins to their final destination
Vesicles
structures that carry material

19. Cytoplasmic Region Lysosomes Small organelles filled with enzymes
Digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins so the rest of the cell can use them
Removes dead organelles

20. Cytoplasmic Region Vacuoles Saclike structures that stores materials
Plant cells:
large organelle filled with liquid
Help maintain homeostasis
Also found in animal cells

21. Cytoplasmic Region Mitochondria Power house of the cell
Provides the cell with energy
Converts stored energy in food into compounds that the cells can use
Contains its own DNA

22. Cytoplasmic Region Chloroplasts Only found in plant cells
Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
This process is called photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll
Contains its own DNA

23. Cytoplasmic Region Centrioles Located near the nucleus
Help to organize cell division
Only in Animal Cells

24. Surface Region Cytoskeleton A network of protein filaments
Help the cell maintain its shape
Also aids in movement
Flagellum
Cilia

25. Surface Region Cell membrane Cell wall
Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Provides protection and support
Cell wall
Main function is to provide support and protection
Only in plant cells