1. Nutrients Involved in Energy Metabolism8
Nutrients Involved in Energy Metabolism 1

2. Energy Metabolism Vitamins and minerals Do not directly provide energy
Are needed for generating energy from macronutrients
B-complex vitamins are particularly important in assisting energy metabolism
Often function as coenzymes 2

4. Energy Metabolism
Coenzyme: a molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it
Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin function primarily in energy metabolism
Folate and vitamin B12 function in cell regeneration and red blood cell synthesis 4

8. Thiamin (vitamin B1)
Coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate is required for metabolism of carbohydrate and branched- chain amino acids
Assists in production of DNA and RNA and synthesis of neurotransmitters
Good sources: pork products, sunflower seeds, beans, whole or enriched grains
Deficiency (beriberi): muscle wasting, nerve damage 8

11. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Involved in oxidation−reduction reactions
Part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant)
Good sources: milk, enriched foods, meat
Light sensitive (use opaque milk cartons)
Ariboflavinosis: riboflavin deficiency; sore throat, swollen mucous membranes 11

15. Niacin (Vitamin B3) Two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
Required for oxidation–reduction reactions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Can be made from amino acid tryptophan
Good sources: meat, fish, poultry, enriched breads and cereals
Toxicity symptoms from supplements
Pellagra: severe niacin deficiency 15

17. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Group of three related compounds
Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis
Good sources: meat, fish, poultry, enriched cereals, starchy vegetables
Toxicity from high-dose supplements: nerve damage, skin lesions
Deficiency involves skin, blood, nerve tissues 17

21. Pantothenic Acid Essential for fatty acid metabolism
Required for synthesizing cholesterol, steroids, detoxification of drugs
Good sources: chicken, beef, egg yolk, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products
No adverse effects from excess amounts
Deficiencies are very rare 21

23. Biotin Coenzymes for fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
Content determined for very few foods
Deficiency seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time 23

25. Choline
Vitamin-like substance: metabolism, cell membranes, neurotransmission
Fat and cholesterol metabolism/transport
Homocysteine metabolism
Widespread in foods
Deficiency: fat accumulation in the liver
Toxicity from excess supplementation 25

26. Iodine Component of thyroid hormones
Regulates body temperature, metabolism
Important for reproduction and growth
Good sources: saltwater fish, iodized salt, foods prepared with iodized salt
Excess interferes with thyroid function
Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland 26

29. Iodine Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs)
Cretinism: mental retardation, stunted growth
Hypothyroidism: low thyroid hormone results in decreased body temperature, cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue, sluggishness 29

30. Iodine
Hyperthyroidism: high levels of thyroid hormone caused by Graves’ disease
Weight loss, increased heat production, muscular tremors, nervousness, racing heartbeat, and protrusion of the eyes 30

31. Chromium
Assists insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into the cells
Important for RNA and DNA metabolism
Supports immune function and growth
Dietary adequacy controversial
Widely distributed in foods
High-dose supplementation safety is unknown
Deficiency induced in labs: inhibit glucose uptake into the cells, causing a rise in blood glucose and insulin levels 31

32. Manganese
Cofactor in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and urea formation
Part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase
Good sources: whole-grain foods
Toxicity impairs the nervous system, causing spasms and tremors 32

34. Sulfur A major mineral Component of thiamin and biotin
Part of amino acids: methionine, cysteine
Required by liver for alcohol detoxification
Assists in maintaining acid–base balance
Obtained from dietary proteins 34

35. Inadequate B-Vitamin Intake
Impacts ability to perform physical activity
Limited studies show poor work performance: lower intensity and duration
Diets high in unenriched processed foods provide inadequate levels of B-vitamins
Some B-vitamins lost in milling of grains are replaced by the enrichment process 35