1. The High Middle Ages CHAPTER 14 Section 1: The Crusades
7/22/2018
CHAPTER 14
The High Middle Ages
Section 1: The Crusades
Section 2: The Revival of Trade
Section 3: The Growth of Towns
Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 6: Challenges to Church Power

2. The Crusades Objectives: Section 1:
Identify the main causes of the Crusades.
Describe the outcome of the First Crusade.
Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades.
Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

3. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades Section 1:
Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control
By 1080 the Seljuq Turks had conquered Palestine
In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to drive the Turks from the Christian sights in the Holy Land
For over 200 years, European would undertake a series of wars to do this

4. Section 1:
The Crusades
Causes of the Crusades

5. The Crusades The First Crusade Section 1:
Brought much of the Holy Land under European control
Ended in July, 1099 with a massacre in Jerusalem
Created 4 Crusader states

6. The First Crusade: Major Figures
Section 1:
The Crusades
The First Crusade: Major Figures
Emperor Alexius I (Byzantine)
Called for help
Pope Urban II
Sermon in Clermont
Peter the Hermit
Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemund of Taranto, Adhemar of LePuy

7. The Crusades Other Major Crusades Section 1:
The Second Crusade – failed to recapture Damascus (1147)
King Louis of France
The Third Crusade (1187)
again failed to recapture Jerusalem
Richard the Lion-heart, Phillip Augustus, Frederick Barbarossa

8. The Crusades Other Major Crusades Section 1: The Fourth Crusade (1201)
Led by Venice
attacked Constantinople
Constantinople collapsed in 1453
Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

9. Results of the Crusades
Section 1:
The Crusades
Results of the Crusades
Four main Crusades, 4 minor ones
Militarily, they were a failure
Soldiers did learn about new weapons and military tactics
Political changes – fewer lords, stronger kings, end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church
Ideas and trade – new ideas and trade patterns

10. The Revival of Trade Objectives: Section 2:
Explain factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe.
Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began.
Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade.

11. The Revival of Trade Trade Routes Section 2:
Very little trade under Feudalism
All goods produced on the Manor
Trade revived after 1000
Trade in Italy – sea and overland trade routes
Trade in northern Europe – growth in population and wealth
The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade

12. Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Trade Routes

13. Trade Goods and Markets
Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Trade Goods and Markets
After decline of trade for centuries, trade was revived.
Main reason was the Crusades
Wanted goods from Asia
Italians city-states of Venice and Genoa were the first to benefit
Other Italian states soon followed
Trade also revived in northern Europe
As trade increased, fairs and markets were created

14. Trade Goods and Markets
Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Trade Goods and Markets
Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks, spices
Came from the Far East (Asia)
Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art objects
Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax
Fairs were social events and the main place to trade

15. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Three developments grew from trade and fairs
Manufacturing increased
Banking system
Practice of investing capital
These practices formed the basis of capitalism

16. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Capitalism
Regional currencies developed because of different values of money
Bills of Exchange were developed
Allowed businessmen to deposit money in one bank and use the money in another place

17. The Growth of Towns Objectives: Section 3:
Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages.
Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities.
Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom.

18. The Rights of Townspeople
Section 3:
The Growth of Towns
The Rights of Townspeople
The revival of trade led to the growth of towns and cities
Town received Charters of Liberties from Kings
This growth caused a decline in the feudal system
Townspeople were exempt from working on the manor
Townspeople gained political liberties not enjoyed by serfs on the manor
Serfs received freedom after a year and a day in a town

19. The Rights of Townspeople
Section 3:
The Growth of Towns
The Rights of Townspeople
A middle class of merchants and crafts workers emerged in towns and cities
Commercial privileges – could sell freely in town market, charge tolls to outsiders

20. The Growth of Towns Guilds Section 3:
These merchants and crafts workers established guilds to regulate manufacturing and trade
Merchant Guilds – outside merchants had to pay a fee to trade in towns
Workers – craft guilds set guidelines for wages, hours, and working conditions;
start as apprentice: lived and worked for Master Workers
then journeyman: had not yet created a masterpiece
then master of that craft guild
Led to a rise of the middle class – merchants and master workers

21. The Growth of Towns Medieval Towns Section 3:
Town life – serfs escaped Manors to gain freedom
The Black Death – cities were dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy, causing disease to spread rapidly
Bubonic or pneumonic plague
Spread by fleas carried on rats
Hit Europe in 1348
1/3-2/3 of the population died
Meant survivors could charge higher wages

22. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Objectives:
Analyze changes in languages and literature during the Middle Ages.
Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages.
Identify developments made in philosophy and science.
Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages.

23. Language and Literature
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Language and Literature
Early vernacular literature
everyday language used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories, epics, and dramas
Gave rise to French, English, Italian, Spanish and other languages

24. Language and Literature
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Language and Literature
The flowering of vernacular literature
The Song of Roland (1100)
About the Franks and Moors
Dante Alighieri ( )
Inferno, Paradise, Purgatory
Geoffrey Chaucer ( )
The Canterbury Tales

25. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Education
University
teachers and students set up guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves, developed stages of study called degrees
Four major universities created by 1400s
Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Salerno

26. Philosophy and Science
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Philosophy and Science
Philosophy – scholasticism brought together faith and reason
Peter Abelard: Questioned Church's teaching
Thomas Aquinas: Summarized Christian thought
Science
mathematics and optics, advances in farming equipment

27. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Church Architecture
Romanesque architecture featured arches, domes, vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows

28. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Church Architecture
Gothic architecture – pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained-glass windows

29. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
Objectives:
Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England and France.
Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation.
Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages.

30. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
England
The Hundred Years’ War
Edward III of England claimed French throne, but French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders; brought new weapons (longbows, gunpowder, cannon); Parliament gained more power over the king
The War of the Roses
war for England’s throne ended with strong monarchy

31. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
France
A fight for the throne – Joan of Arc helped France regain throne and drive English out
A return of strong kings – feudal lords lost power to the king, who unified France under royal control

32. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella – gave Spain a strong monarchy but weakened business and trade through discrimination

33. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
The Holy Roman Empire
Germany and Italy – independent prices in Germany and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the emperors

34. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Objectives:
Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages.
Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the church.
Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages.

35. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Church Power Weakens
Power shifted from the church to monarchs
Kings felt the Church limited trade
People began to question church practices
People felt the Church was more concerned about raising money
Church leadership lived lavish lifestyles

36. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Church Power Weakens
1294:
Phillip IV declared the clergy had to pay taxes
Pope angered
King accused the Pope of heresy in the Estates-General and had him captured.
French King took control of the Church

37. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
People lost respect for the church
Competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority
Babylonian Captivity: Late 1300s the Popes were selected by the French, seat of the Papacy moved to French city of Avignon

38. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
The Great Schism:
Eventually two Popes were selected, one French and one Italian
Led to a split within the church
People lost respect for the Church because they believed the French King controlled it.

39. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Situations were resolved by 1418 by Council of Constance but both weakened the power and prestige of the church
Church came under attack from scholars and priests who blamed problems on the corruption of the clergy
Many clergy members had secret wives or mistresses

40. More Problems for the Church
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
More Problems for the Church
Defender of the Faith (1324)
Stated that Pope was only an elected leader and had no power over Kings
John Wycliffe
did not believe in absolute power of pope and criticized abuses and wealth of the Church
Translated the Bible into English

41. More Problems for the Church
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
More Problems for the Church
Jan Hus
criticized abuses within the church
Burned at the stake as a heretic

42. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Vocabulary List
Seljuq Turks
Hanseatic League
Domestic System
Market Economy
Craft Guild
Geoffrey Chaucer
Joan of Arc
Louis XI
Babylonian Captivity
Defender of the Faith
Pope Urban II
Crusades

43. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Vocabulary List
Constantinople/Byzantium
Fair
Barter Economy
Usury
Romanesque
Gothic
Hundred Years’ War
War of the Roses
Pope Boniface VIII
Investment Capital
Parliament
John Wycliffe/Jan Huss