1. The Rise of Nation-States
Middle Ages: Europe
The Rise of Nation-States

2. Rise of Nation States
Background: European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period.
Nation-states are large groups of people who are ruled by one central government, who share a common language and who feel a sense of loyalty to the group.

3. England
1. William the Conqueror – leader of the Norman Conquest, origninally from France
united most of England after the Battle of Hastings (1066 C.E.)
2. Common Law -developed in the course of time from the rulings of judges
the reign of Henry II (12th century)

6. England
3. King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215 C.E. which limited the King’s power, gave more power to nobles: **Parliament** 4. The Hundred Years War between England and France helped define England as a nation. (War for the throne of France, France won, 1337 – 1453)

7. King John of England

8. France
1. Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. (He succeeded the last Carolingian king) 987 C.E. 

9. 2. The Hundred Years War between England and France helped define France as a nation. (War for the throne of France, France won, 1337 – 1453)

10. France: Joan of Arc
3. Joan of Arc was a unifying factor in the Hundred Years War for the French forces
God told her kick the English out
Won at Orleans – huge turning point (1429 C.E.)
Captured, condemned as a witch and a heretic (England)
Burned at the stake 1431 C.E.
Charles II of France did not come to her aid

11. Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors during a time called the Reconquista (late 15th century)
Reconquista- a series of battles by Christians to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors)

13. Spain
3. Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Phillip II (mid 16th century)
Spain David Kim Philip Cho; 2. slideshare.net

14. Russia 1. Ivan the Great (15th century)
Threw off the rule of the Mongols in Russia
Centralized power in Moscow
Expanded the Russian nation

15. Russia
2. Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar (czar). Ivan IV, until then tsars were known as the Grand Prince of all Russia (1547). 3. The Orthodox Church influenced unification

16. The Crusades
The Crusades were carried out by Christian political & religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

17. Economic Causes
Younger sons looking for land and the ability to increase social status
Merchants made $ by making loans and leasing ships
Increase trade with Muslim traders

18. Religious Causes Crusaders were guaranteed a place in Heaven
Reclaim Holy Land for Christianity

19. Pope Urban II
The pope promised remission of sins: “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.” (Council of Clermont- 1095)

20. 1st Crusade Recaptured Jerusalem 1099 C.E. Established the Crusader
States:
Jerusalem
Edessa
Tripoli
Antioch

21. Crusades 2nd: 1147- Edessa was attacked by Muslims
3rd: Saladin retakes Jerusalem (King Richard the Lion-Hearted vs. Saladin = truce)
4th: Sack of Constantinople

22. Saladin –important Muslim military & political leader in the 12 century
3rd Crusade leads Muslim army & retakes Jerusalem from Christians
Signs truce with Richard Lion-Hearted, Christians pilgrims can visit
Jerusalem never regained by Crusaders

23. Effects of the Crusades
1. Weakened the Pope; strengthened Monarchs
2. Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
3. Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
4. Weakened the Byzantine Empire

24. The Black Death:
In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (or Bubonic Plague) destroyed the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.

25. Symptoms Buboes (swelling) of groin, neck , arms oozed and bled
Fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc.
80% died within first week of contracting the disease.

26. Economic and Social impact of the Black Death in much of Asia and Europe
1. Decline in population – 1/3 of Europe died
2. Scarcity of Labor – not enough people to work , farms abandoned
3. Towns freed from feudal obligations – feudalism breaking down
Serfs left manors in search of better wages

27. 4. Decline of church influence – prayers failed to stop the plague
Economic and Social impact of the Black Death in much of Asia and Europe
4. Decline of church influence – prayers failed to stop the plague
Priests wouldn’t perform services for those who were dying
5. Disruption of trade – declined as prices rose, less people willing to travel