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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Project: IEEE P Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Impulse Radio Signaling for Communication and Ranging] Date Submitted: [12 May 2005] Source: [Francois Chin, Lei Zhongding, Yuen-Sam Kwok, Xiaoming Peng] Company: [Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore] Address: [21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore ] Voice: [ ] FAX: [ ] Re: [] Abstract: [Presents signaling options to achieve precision ranging with both coherent and non-coherent receivers] Purpose: [To discuss which signal waveform would be the most feasible in terms of performance and implementation trade-offs] Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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Objectives PRF definition Impulse Radio Signaling Proposal
May 2005 Objectives PRF definition Impulse Radio Signaling Proposal System Parameters (500+ MHz and MHz Bands) Transmit Signaling for Synchronisation, Ranging and Data Communications Receiver Code Sequences Francois Chin (I2R)
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May 2005 PRF: Definition Pulse repetition frequency (PRF): Number of pulses occurring in 1 s. Pulse repetition interval (PRI): Time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next. VPeak TC PRI Francois Chin (I2R)
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PRF Definition : Example
May 2005 PRF Definition : Example Pulse Repetition Interval 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N-1 N ………………………… Pulse Width, Tc ~ 500MHz BW Non0inverted pulses are blue, Inverted pulses are green. …………… ……………………… Active time Quiet time Symbol Interval Francois Chin (I2R)
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Minimum PRF Requirements
May 2005 Minimum PRF Requirements BW = 528 MHz Technology CMOS 90nm 0.7 Vpp TChip (nsec) 1.9 Sequence Bipolar Ternary (equal ±1 & 0) VPeak (v) 0.35 PAve (dBm) -14 PPeak (dBm) 1 -2 PRF VPeak 16.5 33 BW = 1584 MHz Technology CMOS 90nm 0.7 Vpp TChip (nsec) 0.54 BW (MHz) Bipolar Ternary (equal ±1 & 0) VPeak (v) 0.35 PAve (dBm) -9.3 PPeak (dBm) 1.5 -1.5 PRF VPeak 132 264 Francois Chin (I2R)
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Frequency Plan Band No. Bandwidth (MHz) Low Freq. Center Freq.
May 2005 Frequency Plan Band No. Bandwidth (MHz) Low Freq. Center Freq. High Freq. 1 (optional) 528 3168 3432 3696 2 (Mandatory) 3960 4224 3 (optional) 4488 4752 4 (optional) 1584 Band No. 4 1 2 3 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 GHz Francois Chin (I2R)
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Main Features of proposed system
May 2005 Main Features of proposed system Proposal main features: Impulse-radio based (pulse-shape independent) Common synchronisation / ranging preamble signaling for different classes of nodes / type of receivers (coherent / differential / noncoherent) Band Plan based on multiple 500 MHz bands (center band mandatory) and optional wider bandwidth (1.5 GHz+) concentric with center band Robustness against SOP interference Robustness against other in-band interference Scalability to trade-off complexity/performance Francois Chin (I2R)
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Types of Receivers Supported
May 2005 Types of Receivers Supported Coherent Detection: The phase of the received carrier waveform is known, and utilized for demodulation Differential Chip Detection: The carrier phase of the previous signaling interval is used as phase reference for demodulation Non-coherent Detection: The carrier phase information (e.g.pulse polarity) is unknown at the receiver Francois Chin (I2R)
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Proposed System Parameters (528 MHz) Bandwidth 528MHz Pulse Rep. Freq. 33 MHz # Chip / symbol (Code length) zero padding Channel coding e.g. Conv code K = 4, r=2/3 Symbol Rate 33/40 MHz = MSps coded bit / sym (Mandatory Mode) 2 coded bit / symbol Mandatory bit rate 2/3 x 2 bit/sym x MSps = 1.1 Mbps #Code Sequences for Orthogonal Keying 4 (2 bit/symbol) Lower bit rate scalability Symbol Repetition Modulation {+1,-1} bipolar and {+1,-1, 0} ternary pulse train Total # simultaneous piconets supported 6 per FDM band Multple access for piconets CDM (fixed code) + FDM (fixed band) Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Frame Format Octets: 2 1 0/4/8 n 2 MAC Sublayer Frame Cont. Data Payload Seq. # Address CRC MHR MSDU MFR Octets: ?? 1 1 Data: 32 (n=23) For ACK: 5 (n=0) PHY Layer Frame Length Preamble SFD MPDU SHR PHR PSDU PPDU Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Criteria of Code Sequence Design The sequence Set should have orthogonal (or near orthogonal) cross correlation properties to minimise symbol decision error for all the below receivers For coherent receiver For differential chip receiver For non-coherent symbol detection receiver Energy detection receiver Each sequence should have good auto-correlation properties for synchronisation and ranging Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Base Sequence Set Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Seq 5 Seq 6 31-chip Ternary Sequence set are chosen Only one sequence and one fixed band (no hopping) will be used by all devices in a piconet Logical channels for support of multiple piconets 6 sequences = 6 logical channels (e.g. overlapping piconets) for each FDM Band The same base sequence will be used to construct the symbol-to-chip mapping table Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Good Properties of the Mapping Sequence Cyclic nature, leads to simple implementation Zero DC for each sequence No need for carrier phase tracking (i.e. coherent receiver) The same code sequence will be used for synchronisation, ranging, data communications & SOP interference suppression Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Ternary – Bipolar – Unipolar Conversion Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Seq 5 Seq 6 Ternary ± → + 0 → - Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Seq 5 Seq 6 Bipolar This is in fact m-Sequences! + → + - → 0 Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Seq 5 Seq 6 Unipolar Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Properties of M-Sequence Transmit – Unipolar M-Seq [ ] repeated 4x Receive – Bipolar M-Seq [ ] Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Properties of M-Sequence Transmit – Bipolar M-Seq [ ] repeated 4x Receive – Unipolar M-Seq [ ] Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Properties of M-Sequence Transmit – Bipolar M-Seq [ ] repeated 4x Receive – Bipolar M-Seq [ ] Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 How to make use of these properties? Transmit signaling Unipolar Bipolar Receive signaling Tx PAR 2x 1x Corr O/P peka Signal Amp 16 x sqrt(2) 16 32 Corr O/P noise Pwr 32 σ2 16 σ2 Corr O/P SNR 16 / σ2 32 / σ2 Despread Gain Auto-corr Low Applications Energy Det - Ranging / Sync / Comm Coherent Det - Ranging Coherent Det - Sync / Comm Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Ranging: Code Sequences for different Receiver Criteria/Target – ZERO autocorrelation sidelobes Receiver Type Ranging Signaling Sequence Receive Sequence Coherent Binary Unipolar Differential Chip Unipolar(Differential(Binary)) Energy Detector Ternary Bipolar Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Communication: Code Sequences for different Receiver Criteria/Target – Max SNR and min inter-sequence interference after despreading Transmit Signaling Receiver Type Receive Sequence Ternary (Mode 1) Coherent Ternary Differential Chip Differential(Ternary) Energy Detector Bipolar Binary (Mode 2) Differential(Bipolar) N.A. Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Snychronisation: Code Sequences for different Receiver Criteria/Target – balance max post-despreading SNR and low auto-correlation sidelobes Transmit Signaling Receiver Type Receive Sequence Ternary (Mode 1) Coherent Ternary Differential Chip Differential(Ternary) Energy Detector Bipolar Binary (Mode 2) Differential(Bipolar) N.A. Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Synchronisation Preamble M-sequences has excellent autocorrelation properties Synchronisation / Ranging Preamble is constructed by repeating the base sequence Ternary for Common Signaling e.g. Beacon Packet Ternary for Energy Detector Bipolar for Coherent and Differential Chip Detectors Long preamble for distant nodes is constructed by further symbol repetition Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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Bipolar Signaling for Synchronisation & Ranging
May 2005 Bipolar Signaling for Synchronisation & Ranging Pulse Repetition Interval ~ 30ns 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30 31 ………………………… Non0inverted pulses are blue, Inverted pulses are green. Synchronisation / Ranging preamble = Binary Base Sequence repeated For K times… …………… …………… Symbol Interval ~940ns Symbol Interval ~940ns Francois Chin (I2R)
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How Energy Detector despread?
May 2005 How Energy Detector despread? Ternary Seq [ ] Unipolar M-Seq [ ] BPF ( )2 LPF / integrator ADC Sample Rate 1/Tc Soft Despread Noncoherent detection of OOK RAKE combiner {1,-1} Binary Sequence Soft output Figure 1. The block diagram of energy detection receiver using soft despreader and RAKE combiner Bipolar M-Seq [ ] Francois Chin (I2R)
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Synchronisation for Energy Detector in AWGN Before Depreader – Unipolar M-Seq [ ] repeated 4x Despread Sequence – Bipolar M-Seq [ ] Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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How Energy Detector handle inter- pulse interference?
May 2005 How Energy Detector handle inter- pulse interference? Pulse Repetition Interval ~ 30ns 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ternary signaling Non-inverted pulses are blue, Inverted pulses are green. PRI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 After Square Law PRI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Integration in PRI e1 e2 e3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + More Noise PRI T1 T2 T3 T4 Francois Chin (I2R)
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How Energy Detector handle inter- pulse interference?
May 2005 How Energy Detector handle inter- pulse interference? Energy is spilled into adjacent PRI Each PRI contains partial energy from previous pulses After square law & Integration in PRI e1 e2 e3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + More Noise PRI T1 T2 T3 T4 Equivalent to c5e1+ c4e2+c3e3 + Francois Chin (I2R)
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How Energy Detector handle inter- pulse interference?
May 2005 How Energy Detector handle inter- pulse interference? RAKE fingers are used to combine energy across adjacent PRI Despreading Period Francois Chin (I2R)
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Data Comms:Transmission Mode
May 2005 Data Comms:Transmission Mode Mode Data Rate (Mbps) Bit / symbol Sym. Rep. TX Sign-aling Receiver type 1a 3 2 1 Ternary - Short Preamble for all receivers - High Data Rate Mode (for Energy Collection receivers) 1b 0.75 4 - Long Preamble for all receivers - Low Data Rate Mode (for Energy Collection receivers) 2a Bipolar - High Data Rate Mode (for Coherent / Differential Chip Receiver) 2b - Low Data Rate Mode (for Coherent / Differential Chip Receiver) Francois Chin (I2R)
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Modulation & Coding (Mode 1)
May 2005 Modulation & Coding (Mode 1) Binary data From PPDU Bit-to- Symbol Symbol- to-Chip Zero Padding Symbol Repetition Pulse Generator {0,1,-1} Ternary Sequence Bit to symbol mapping: group every 2 bits into a symbol Symbol-to-chip mapping: Each 2-bit symbol is mapped to one of 4 31-chip sequence, according to 4-ary Ternary Orthogonal Keying Zero Padding: suggested 9 PRI for reducing inter-symbol interference Symbol Repetition: for data rate and range scalability Pulse Genarator: Transmit Ternary pulses at PRF = 33MHz Francois Chin (I2R)
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Symbol-to-Chip Mapping: Gray 4-ary Ternary Orthogonal Keying Symbol Cyclic shift to right by n chips, n= 32-Chip value 00 01 8 11 16 10 24 Base Sequence #1 Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Symbol Mapping for Mode 1: Ternary Orthogonal Keying + Zero Padding Symbol Cyclic shift to right by n chips, n= 31+9-Chip value 00 01 8 11 16 10 24 Base Sequence #1 Zero Padding Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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Modulation & Coding (Mode 2)
May 2005 Modulation & Coding (Mode 2) Binary data From PPDU Bit-to- Symbol Symbol- to-Chip Ternary- Bipolar Zero Padding Symbol Repetition Pulse Generator {0,1,-1} Ternary Sequence {1,-1} Binary Sequence Bit to symbol mapping: group every 2 bits into a symbol Symbol-to-chip mapping: Each 2-bit symbol is mapped to one of 4 31-chip sequence, according to 4-ary Bipolar Orthogonal Keying Ternary to Binary conversion: (-1/+1 → 1,0 → -1) Zero Padding: suggested 9 PRI for reducing inter-symbol interference Symbol Repetition: for data rate and range scalability Pulse Genarator: Transmit bipolar pulses at PRF = 33MHz Francois Chin (I2R)
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Symbol Mapping for Mode 2: Bipolar Orthogonal Keying + Zero Padding (after Ternary – Binary Conversion) Symbol Cyclic shift to right by n chips, n= 31+9-Chip value 00 01 8 11 16 10 24 Binary Base Sequence #1 Zero Padding Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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Bipolar Signaling for Symbol ’00’
May 2005 Bipolar Signaling for Symbol ’00’ Pulse Repetition Interval ~ 30ns 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30 31 ………………………… Non0inverted pulses are blue, Inverted pulses are green. …………… ……………………… Active time ~940ns Quiet time ~272ns Symbol Interval ~1.212us Francois Chin (I2R)
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Code Sequence Properties & Performance AWGN Performance Multipath Performance For Coherent Symbol Detector For Non-coherent Symbol Detector For Differential Chip Detector For Energy Detector To be included in future revision Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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doc.: IEEE 802.15-<doc#>
<month year> doc.: IEEE <doc#> May 2005 Proposed Optional Wider Band System Bandwidth 1584MHz Pulse Rep. Freq. 264 MHz # Chip / symbol (Code length) zero padding Channel coding e.g. Conv code K = 4, r=2/3 Symbol Rate 264/40 MHz = 6.6 MSps coded bit / sym 2 coded bit / symbol Max bit rate (in benign multipath channels) 2/3 x 2 bit/sym x 6.6 MSps = 8.8 Mbps #Code Sequences for Orthogonal Keying 4 (2 bit/symbol) Lower bit rate scalability TBD Modulation {+1,-1} bipolar and {+1,-1, 0} ternary pulse train Total # simultaneous piconets supported 6 Multple access for piconets CDM (fixed code per piconet) Francois Chin (I2R) <author>, <company>
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Summary The proposed Impulse-radio based system:
May 2005 Summary The proposed Impulse-radio based system: has common ternary signaling that Can be received simultaneously by different types of receivers, namely coherent, differential, and energy detectors Can be used for both synchronisation and ranging simultaneously Synchronisation & Ranging – Repeated Base Sequence (Ternary or Binary) Data Communications – Orthogonal Keying Symbol (with cyclic shift version of base sequence + zero padding) Is robust against SOP interference Francois Chin (I2R)
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