1. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
UHECR(nus) & blach holes:
Ina Sarcevic Friday afternoon
String Phenomenology:
Mirjam Cvetic Friday morning
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

2. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003 Enrico Fermi Institute
Aspen Winter 2003 Conference on Particle Physics: At the Frontiers Jan
BLACK HOLES
&
GRAVITONS
AT HECs
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
Maria Spiropulu
Enrico Fermi Institute
UofC

3. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
What ?
A singular classical object (black hole)
A massles spin 2 particle whose long-wavelength interactions are described by general relativity (graviton)
produced in high energy collisions!!
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

4. It is a matter of scale and geometry
From contact interaction to a gauge boson: the GFE2 behavior was tamed at short length scales
From gauge theory to string theory the GNE2 behavior seems to be tamed at even shorter length scales
With this comes a change in how we perceive spacetime geometry and dynamics: eg. Extra dimenisons
The Standared Model, Supersymmetry and the Kaluza-Klein theory under one umbrella
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

5. Models of extra dimensions
Fat branes, skiny branes, solid branes, soft branes, no branes, quivering branes, positive branes, negative branes, curved bulk, flat bulk, supersymmetric bulk, gravity in the bulk, gauge fields in the bulk, no gauge fields in the bulk, fermions in the bulk, no fermions in the bulk, right handed neutrinos in the bulk, &tc
Large compact extra dimensions (ADD type)
Warped extra dimensions (RS type)
inverse TeV extra dimensions (Ignatios type)
(most) all hybrids and combinations of above
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

6. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
As JoAnne taught me
EWKB
hierarchy problem
SUSY Breaking
flavor Breaking
neutrino masses
proton decay suppression
Grand Unification
the cosmological constant
...
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
Only high Tc superconductivity you cannot solve with extra dimensions
everything else YES

7. Going down, a step at a time
MPlanck, Mstring, MGUT,
M*, MD ,M?, MEWK
Bring down the Planck
to the GUT
to the TeV scale
in string theory with extra dimensions,
the 5th slightly bigger,
and then even bigger
and then more of them huge
(eg Kaluza-Klein, Witten-Horava, Lykken, ADD, RS)
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

8. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Black Holes
Initial current work by Banks+Fisckler(hep-th/ ), Dimopoulos+Landsberg(hep-th/ ), Giddings+Thomas(hep-ph/ )
Rizzo(hep-ph/ ),Chang (hep-ph/ )
goes back to early work by D’Eath and Payne [mosre recent Eardley+Giddings gr-qc/ , Yoshino+Nambu gr-qc/ ]
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

9. Black Hole, mass, radius, entropy
A gravitational potential well whose gravitational potential energy is greater than the energy required to get out of the well = Black Hole
GNMBH (RS)-1 = 1  GNMBH= RS
the radius of a black hole  mass of the black hole
Entropy SBH~black hole area~RS2~MBH2
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

10. High Energy vs High Entropy
At higher and higher energies the production of a class of objects with higher and higher entropy will suppress the production of everything else…
or, iow above the energy scale where BH can be produced, ONLY BH will be produced
what is that energy scale? Is it possible that LHC turns on and we can only do diffraction particle physics and the rest is all black holes? And stringy stuff?
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

11. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
String State Entropy
The mass of an Nth mode string state is M2string= N MS2
and the associated string state entropy Sstring=Mstring/MS
Sstring~Mstring, SBH~M2BH
scales: Planck, String, Effective Planck ?
MBHmin > MS, M*
SBH
Sstring S ?
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
energy

12. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
BH domination
Conservatively BH production should dominate for MBH~(5-10)M*
cross section: sij BH = F(s) pR2S
F(s)<1 (not all energy gets trapped, geometrical considerations for spherical formation etc)
arguments for suppression(Voloshin et al) but overall domination(Rizzo, D’Eath and Payne etc) 
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

13. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
BH Production
Total cross section for BH formation eg.
for n=2…7 by proton proton scattering at LHC (14 TeV). Assume M*=1 TeV and
threshold for Black Hole formation at MBH,min= 3 M*=3 TeV
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
Cavaglia et all/hep-ph/

14. With or Without suppressions
Rizzo hep-ph/
with Voloshin
damping factor
without
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
M*=3 TeV # extra dimensions 2,3,4,5,6

15. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
BH decay
Hawking radiation with 1/T=dS/dE~MBH~RS
Decay like a point source into brane modes and bulk modes.
Gravity couples democratically so expect final state with GaugeBoson:Quark:Leptons= 29:72:18 (although recent work by Tao Han et al points to modification depending on the brane configuration)
High Multiplicity stuff with a lot of jets until the BH shrinks and stringy modes show up
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

16. LHC maybe a Black Hole factory
Dimopoulos & Landsberg
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
# of in e or g decay channels as a function of BH mass
Shadow=2…7 extra dimensions, -- total SM bgr, … Z(ee)+X
{even Higgs and SUSY discovery in the BH decays, the dimensionality
of space &tc…]

17. Oven Fresh (the gangs of arizona)
Mocioiu,Nara,Sarcevic hep-ph/
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

18. (brief) Model Description & Parameters
RS-type
curvature of AdS5, k
extent of 5th dimension, R
ADD-type
# of extra dimensions, d
effective Planck scale, MD d d
Lp MPl (8p)-½ e-kRp d
AdS5
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan pR

19. (brief) Model Description & Parameters
ADD
mn= (n2/R2)½ n=(n1,n2,…nd)
evenly spaced KK states
set MD=1 TeV 
d =1 R 1011 m
d =2 R~0.4 mm 1/R~ eV
d =4 R~10-5 mm 1/R~20 keV
d =6 R~30 fm 1/R~7 MeV RS
mn=kxnLp(8p) ½(MPl)-1 xn denotes the roots of the first-order Bessel function
not evenly spaced KK states
set Lp=1 TeV 
kR ~ 11-12
m1~TeV order
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

20. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Carlos,Marcela,Martin

21. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Collider Signatures
KK-Graviton Emission., KK-Graviton Exchange, KK-Graviton Resonant Production, KK-Boson Resonant production
Monojets+Missing Energy, Dijets+Missing Energy, Monophotons+Missing Energy, Diphotons+Missing Energy, Dijets, Dileptons, Dileptons+missing energy, Diphotons, Dibosons
Results/Studies LEP, TeVI, TeVII, LHC, NLC/TESLA
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

22. Lord of the Rings The Two Towers Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Run event
Dijet Mass = 1364 GeV (corr)
cos q* = 0.30
z vertex = -25 cm
J2 ET = 633 GeV (corr)
546 GeV (raw)
J2 h = (detector)
= (correct z)
J1 ET = 666 GeV (corr)
583 GeV (raw)
J1 h = 0.31 (detector)
= 0.43 (correct z)
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
Corrected ET and mass are preliminary
(thanks to Rob Harris)

23. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Eg. Graviton Emission
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

24. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Signal topology
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

25. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Signal topology
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

26. two events are real CDF data and one is graviton simulation; which is which?

27. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Analyze This (That)
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

28. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Physics Backgrounds
Z  nn + jets
W  tn + jets
W  en + jets
QCD
Dibosons
tt, single top
STRATEGY: Normalize wherever possible using data
normalize using Zee data
normalize using Zee data, SM W/Z ratio and universality
normalize using dijet data
normalize using theory cross section
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

29. Zee: standard(izable) candle
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

30. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Zee standard shapes
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

31. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Wen standard shapes
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

32. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
QCD
Select low MET clean dijets in data
Normalize Herwig 2 to 2 selected dijets with data
Multiple checks that normalization holds at high MET
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

33. optimize for graviton signal
Keep 1 or 2 jet events
ET1>80, if 2nd ET(2)>30 GeV
Indirect lepton removal
no isolated stiff tracks
jet electomagnetic fraction< 0.9
minimum angular separation between MET vector and jet >0.3 to reduce residual QCD
MET>80 GeV
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

34. Summary of Backgrounds
Uncertainties are stat. plus syst.
QCD ~14% uncertainty due to jet resolution
4% uncertainty from the luminosity
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

35. data selection & graviton acceptance
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

36. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
DATA vs PREDICTIONS
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

37. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
DATA vs PREDICTIONS
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

38. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Signal Expectations
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

39. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Systematics
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

40. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
The limit
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

41. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003

42. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Limits
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

44. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Monojet + missing energy: LHC reach
Ian Hinchliffe
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

45. Future G Emission sensitivity estimates
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

46. Future G exchange Reach
500
100
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

47. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
RS Gravitons
1500 GeV KK graviton/ its tower of states at the LHC
e+e-m+m-
500 2
100
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
500 GeV KK graviton/ its tower of states at a lepton collider
Davoudiasl,Hewett,Rizzo

48. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
RS Gravitons
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

49. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
m1 From the Tevatron
Red=Drell-Yan
Blue=Dijets
Solid RUNI
Dashed RUNII 2fb-1
Dotted RUNII 30fb-1
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan
Davoudiasl,Hewett,Rizzo

50. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003

51. A spin 2 graviton: Can we tell?
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

52. Angular distributions in graviton production & decay (ATLAS)
Allanach et al. ATLAS hep-ph/
Angular distributions in graviton production & decay (ATLAS)
a gg  G  ff
b qq  G  ff
c gg  G  gg, gg
a qq  G  gg, gg
d gg  G  WW, ZZ
e qq  G  WW, ZZ
f gg  G  HH
g qq  G  HH
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

53. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
G WW ln+jets
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

54. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003
Therefore...
Black Holes and gravitons can and will be produced in HECs if spacetime is what we start suspecting it is
A lot of serious work going on on many fronts
Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan

55. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003

56. Maria Spiropulu, Aspen, Jan 21 2003