1. Plant and animal cells Label the bits you recognise

3. Similarities
Plant cell
Animal cell

4. Differences
Plant cell
Animal cell

5. Plant Cells (animal cells + a bit)

6. Chloroplasts occur in a variety of shapes and sizes, such as corkscrewlike ribbons or bracelet-shapes found in certain green algae. The chloroplasts of higher plants, however, tend to be shaped somewhat like two frisbees glued together along their edges, and when they are sliced in median section they resemble the outline of a football. Chloroplasts may be from 2 to 10 micrometers in diameter, and each is bounded by an envelope consisting of two delicate unit membranes . The outer membrane apparently is derived from endoplasmic reticulum whereas the inner membrane is believed to have orginated from the cell membrane of a blue-green bacterium. Within is a colorless, fluid, enzyme-containing matrix, called the stroma. Grana (singular: granum), which are stacks of coin-shaped double membranes called thylakoids are suspended in the stroma. The membranes of the thylakoids contain green chlorophyll and other pigments. Theses "coin-stacks" of grana, are vital to life as we know it on our planet today, for it is within the thylakoids that the first steps of the all-important process of photosynthesis occurs.

8. The structure and function of POLYSACCHARIDES
5 Minute Poster
The structure and function of POLYSACCHARIDES

9. STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES AMYLOSE – long unbranched chain of glucose
Polysaccharides are large polymers of the monosaccharides
Unlike monosaccharides and disaccharides, polysaccharides are either
insoluble or form colloidal suspensions
The principal storage polysaccharides are STARCH AND GLYCOGEN
Starch is a polymer of alpha glucose and is, in fact, a mixture of
two different polysaccharides – AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN
STARCH
AMYLOSE – long unbranched chain of glucose
units
AMYLOPECTIN – highly branched polymer
of glucose units

10. The amylose chain, once formed, coils into a helix
AMYLOSE STRUCTURE
Amylose is formed by a series of condensation reactions that bond
alpha glucose molecules together into a long chain forming many glycosidic
bonds
The amylose chain, once formed, coils into a helix

11. AMYLOSE STRUCTURE
THE AMYLOSE HELIX

12. AMYLOPECTIN STRUCTURE
Amylopectin consists of a straight chain of alpha glucose units with branch points
occurring at approximately every twelth glucose unit along the straight chain
The branch points form when carbon 6 of a glucose molecule in the straight chain
forms a glycosidic bond with carbon 1 of a glucose molecule positioned above
the chain

13. make up the final starch molecule
AMYLOPECTIN STRUCTURE
This highly branched amylopectin molecule is wrapped around the amylose to
make up the final starch molecule
This large insoluble molecule with branch points that allow for easy access for
enzymes when breaking down the molecule, makes starch an ideal food storage
compound

14. GLYCOGEN Glycogen is often referred to as animal starch
Glycogen has the same overall structure as amylopectin but
there is significantly more branching in this molecule
More of these
branch points form

15. STRUCTURAL POYSACCHARIDES
Cellulose is one of the most important structural polysaccharides as it is the
major component of plant cell walls
Cellulose is a polymer of beta glucose units where each glucose molecule
is inverted with respect to its neighbour 1 4
glycosidic bonds O
CH OH 2 H OH
GLUCOSE 3 5 6 HO
The orientation of the beta glucose units places many hydroxyl (OH) groups
on each side of the molecule
Many parallel chains of beta glucose units form and each chain forms hydrogen
bonds between the OH groups of adjacent chains

16. STRUCTURAL POYSACCHARIDES
The bundles of parallel chains forming hydrogen bonds
with each other creates a molecule that confers rigidity
and strength to the structures of which they form a part
hydrogen bonds between parallel chains of beta glucose
The rigidity and strength of plant cell walls is a consequence
of the incorporation of cellulose into their structure

17. What am I?

18. Structure of cellulose
Like starch, cellulose is composed of a long chain of at least 500 glucose molecules. Cellulose is thus a polysaccharide. Several of these polysaccharide chains are arranged in parallel arrays to form cellulose microfibrils.
The individual polysaccharide chains are bound together in the microfibrils by hydrogen bonds. The microfibrils, in turn, are bundled together to form macrofibrils.
The microfibrils of cellulose are extremely tough and inflexible due to the presence of hydrogen bonds.

20. What is the most “challenging” concept we have discussed today?
C.O.W!!
What is the most “challenging” concept we have discussed today?

24. What is the middle lamella?
What is the apoplast transport system?
What is the symplast transport system?
What are plasmodesmata?

25. Write the question!! Beta glucose Cellulose Middle lamella Apoplast
Symplast
Plasmadesmata

26. Function of the Cellulose cell wall

27. Chloroplasts

30. Chloroplast ultrastructure
1. outer membrane
2. intermembrane space
3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope)
4. stroma (aqueous fluid)
5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid)
6. thylakoid membrane
7. granum (stack of thylakoids)
8. thylakoid (lamella)
9. starch
10. ribosome
11. plastidial DNA
12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids)

31. Function of a chloroplast

32. Haemogloblin
Protein structures
Oxygen dissociation
Glucose
Cellulose
Glycogen
Cells
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Blood circulation
Capillaries
Veins
Kidneys
Liver
Arteries
Tissue fluid
Lymph