1. Electronic Supplementary Material 2:
Identification of Mineralogical Composition by Confocal Raman-Spectroscopy
Methodology: The mineralogy of cuttings of the drilling Löpsingen 2012 was investigated by a confocal Horiba Jobin-Yvon LabRam-HR 800 UV Raman spectrometer with attached Olympus BX41 microscope. The excitation wavelength was the 488 nm line of a diode laser (Coherent Sapphire) with a laser power of 50 mW at the laser exit (ca. 8 mW at the sample). Using an Olympus Mplane 100x objective with a numerical aperture of 0.9 and closing the confocal hole to 100 mm resulted in a lateral resolution of ca. 1 µm and a depth resolution of ca. 5 µm. The combination of 488 nm excitation, a grating of 600 l/mm and a CCD detector with 1024 x 128 pixels yielded a spectral dispersion of better than 2.1 cm-1 per pixel. In general spectra were collected in one spectral window between 100 and 2100 cm-1. When necessary the range was enlarged to 100 to 4000 cm-1 (yielding 3 spectral windows). The acquisition time varied between 5 and 30 s per spectral window, depending on the level of fluorescence. To improve the signal to noise ratio every spectral window was measured 2 to 16 times. For calibration of the spectrometer a silicon standard with a major band at cm-1 was used. All spectra were recorded and processed using LabSpec 5 software. The minerals were identified on the basis of the Horiba Jobin-Yvon database for minerals and reference spectra collected on mineral specimens of the Geoscience Museum of the Georg-August University Göttingen.
(i) Reference spectra of well-ordered carbonate phases
Calcite
Dolomite
Magnesite T n1 L n4
Aragonite

2. (ii) Analytical results
Sample Lop 15 (drilling Löpsingen, micrite from 15 m depth): calcite
calcite
Sample Lop 23 (drilling Löpsingen, micrite from 23 m depth): calcite
calcite

3. aragonite (arag) and organics (org, C-H, O-H)
Sample Lop 32 Hydrob (drilling Löpsingen, Hydrobia shell from 32 m depth):
aragonite (arag) and organics (org, C-H, O-H)
arag
C-H
O-H
org
Sample Lop 32 Hydrob (drilling Löpsingen, argillaceous marl from 32 m depth):
Poorly ordered (biogenic?) calcite, well ordered calcite and carbonacous matter
calcite
carbonacous matter

4. Sample Lop 37 (drilling Löpsingen, micrite from 37 m depth):
calcite with strong fluorescence
calcite
Sample Lop 50 Clado (drilling Löpsingen, Cladophorites tube from 50 m depth):
calcite and minor sulphate, with strong fluorescence
calcite
sulphate Cc
SO42- Cc

5. Sample Lop 53 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 53 m depth):
calcite, Ca-rich dolomite, carbonaceous matter
carbonacous matter
calcite
Ca-dolomite
1085.5
1094.2
Sample Lop 58 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 58 m depth):
Poorly ordered (biogenic?) calcite, well ordered calcite, Ca-dolomite, and carbonaceous matter
poorly ordered calcite
carbonacous matter
calcite
Ca-dolomite
carbonacous matter

6. Sample Lop 63 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 63 m depth):
calcite, Ca-rich dolomite, carbonaceous matter
calcite
carbonacous matter
Ca-dolomite
Sample Lop 67 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 67 m depth):
calcite, Ca-dolomite, and carbonaceous matter
1084.9
1092.8
150.2
169.7
carbonacous matter
calcite
Ca-dolomite

7. Sample Lop 75 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 75 m depth):
Ca-rich dolomite, minor sulphate, carbonaceous matter
carbonacous matter
Ca-dolomite
sulphate
Sample Lop 76 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 76 m depth):
Ca-dolomite, and carbonaceous matter
carbonacous matter
Ca-dolomite

8. Sample Lop 78 (drilling Löpsingen, dolomicrite from 78 m depth):
Poorly ordered (biogenic?) calcite, well ordered calcite, Ca-rich dolomite, carbonaceous matter
poorly ordered
calcite
carbonacous matter
well ordered
calcite
Ca-dolomite
carbonacous matter