1. Introduction to the plant kingdom

3. What Is a Plant?
Plant – multicellular autotroph in which the embryo develops within the mother plant
Autotroph – organism capable of producing its own food source
Plants are a special kind of autotroph called phototrophs – organisms that use energy from sunlight to create their own food through photosynthesis

4. Reserve food stored as amylose (starch)
What Is a Plant Cont.
Photosynthesis – process where energy from sunlight is used to produce sugar (glucose)
Reserve food stored as amylose (starch)

5. Early Aquatic Ancestor
Group of aquatic multicellular green algae called Charophytes
Closest living species to a possible land ancestor
Adaptations that allowed permanent life on land accumulated 475 million years ago

6. Benefits of Aquatic Environment
Plants are surrounded by water so they don’t dry out
Water helps support the plant (counters gravity)
Plants absorb nutrients from water
Sperm is able to swim to egg
Plants stay in upper surface near sunlight

7. Adaptations to Life on Land
Problems:
Obtaining Minerals
Gravity
Dryer Environment
Reproduction
Solutions:
Roots absorb water and minerals
Lignin and cellulose (sturdy framework)
Waxy cuticle and stomata w/ guard cells
Pollen containing sperm

8. Algae & Land Plant Similarities
Both contain chlorophylls a and b
Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids
Store starch in plastids (organelle containing food)
Contain cellulose in cell walls
Go through Alternation of Generations life cycle

9. Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups: Vascular Nonvascular
Groups are categorized by the presence or absence of an internal transport system
Vascular System – transports water and dissolved materials

10. Vascular System
Xylem Tissue – carries water and minerals upward from roots
Phloem Tissues – carries sugars made by photosynthesis from leaves to where they will be stored or used
Sap – fluid carried inside the phloem or xylem
Vascular
Bundles

11. Plant Cell Types Parenchyma Cells Least specialized
Thin, flexible and living
Carry out metabolic processes
Collenchyma Cells
Thicker primary cells
Living at maturity
Schlerenchyma Cells
Thick secondary (cell walls)
Dead at maturity

12. Nonvascular Plants Called Bryophytes
Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials
Require a constantly moist environment
Can’t grow as tall
Materials move by diffusion (cell-to-cell movement)
Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets

13. Nonvascular Plants Includes: 1. Mosses (Bryophyta)
2. Liverworts (Hepatophyta)
3. Hornworts (Antherophyta)

14. Also called Tracheophytes Contain xylem and phloem
Vascular Plants
Also called Tracheophytes
Contain xylem and phloem
Subdivided into two groups:
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seed Bearing Vascular Plants

15. Anatomy of Vascular Plant
Shoots
Found above ground
Have leaves attached
Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
Found below ground
Absorb water and minerals
Anchor the plant

16. Plant Growth
Plants grow through areas of rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells called meristems.
Apical Meristem :
Located at tips of roots and shoots
Increase plant length (primary growth)
Lateral Meristem:
Located at periphery of plant
Increase girth (secondary growth)

17. Seedless vascular Plants
Includes:
1. Moss (Lycophyta)
2. Horsetails (Sphenophyta)
3. Whisk Ferns (Psilophyta)
4. Ferns (Pterophyta)

18. Seed Bearing Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms – produce naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms – have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators

19. Gymnosperm means “naked seeds” = not enclosed within an ovary
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm means “naked seeds” = not enclosed within an ovary
Includes:
Conifers (Coniferophyta)
Cycads (Cycadophyta)
Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta)

20. Produce seeds when egg is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Produce seeds when egg is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Produce fruit to attract organisms that help disperse seeds

21. Monocots and Dicots Dicots: Monocots: Two cotyledons
Angiosperms are subdivided into two groups:
Dicots:
Two cotyledons
Flower parts in multiples of 4’s or 5’s
Netted lead venation
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Monocots:
One cotyledon (primary leaf)
3Flower parts in multiples of
Parallel leaf venation
Scattered vascular tissue