1. General Characteristics
New English Period
General Characteristics

2. LIST OF PRINCIPAL QUESTIONS
1. Outer history
1.1. Emergence of the nation
1.2. Establishment of the literary norm
1.3. Geographical expansion of English
2. Inner history
2.1. Phonetics
2.2. Grammar
2.3. Word-stock

3. James Cook. Explorer of Australia and New Zealand
It was the nation and the race dwelling all around the globe that had the lion’s heart…
Walter Raleigh. Explorer of America
Winston Churchill
David Livingstone. Explorer of Africa
Benjamin Franklin. Explorer of Antarctica

4. 1. Outer History 1.1 Emergence of the Nation

5. The 15 century is a border-line in the history of the English people.
In 1485 there ended the War between the Roses.
The end of the war meant the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalism, a new, more peaceful era and the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
An absolute monarchy was established, the first absolute monarch being Henry Tudor.

6. The long reign of Elizabeth I (1558—1603) was one of the most remarkable for the country, its progress in the discovery and colonizing field tremendous. Queen Elizabeth's reign was also particularly rich in learning — it was the age of Shakespeare, Sidney, Spencer, Bacon, Marlowe and many other famous names.

7. 1.2 Establishment of the Literary Norm
Early New English (15th – 18th Centuries)
Late New English (since 18th century)

8. The language that was used in England at that time is reflected in the famous translation of the Bible called the King James Bible (published in 1611). Although the language of the Bible is Early Modern English, the authors tried to use a more solemn and grand style and more archaic expressions.
A great influence was also connected with the magazine published by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele called The Spectator (1711—1714).

10. It was not until Elizabeth's time that the language of the court came to be generally recognised as the best form of spoken English; and as late as the 18th, and even the early 19th century country gentlemen in their occasional visits to polite society in London were no ashamed to use dialect.

11. 1.3 Geographical Expansion of English in the 17th and 20th Centuries and its Effect on the Language
The penetration of the English language to other parts of the globe mainly began in the 16 century together with the expansion of British colonialism. The 16th century was an age of great adventurers, and England's progress in the discovery and colonising field was tremendous.

12. The first Virginian colony was founded;
Drake circumnavigated the globe;
the East India Company was established and English seamen left their mark in many parts of the world.

13. The 18 century witnessed the coming of English to India, where nowadays the language is widely spread.

14. In 1620 the famous ship The Mayflower reached North America in the region which is now the state of Massachusetts. This marked the beginning of English in the New World.

15. In the 18th century England conquered Canada.
During the 19th century the colonisation of Australia took place.
In the 20 century English penetrated into South Africa.

20. 2. Inner History

21. 2.1 Phonetics

24. Danish linguist Otto Jespersen coined the term Great Vowel Shift to refer to the period between 1450 and 1750 during which pronunciation rules for English changed drastically. This is when things started to sound the way they do now.