1. Review and Relocation of Native Americans

2. VOCABULARY Secede – Nullification Act – Force Bill –
Tariff of Abominations –
Indian Removal Act –
Trail of Tears –
To break away; leave
A law passed in South Carolina that said the state would ignore the protective tariff
Authorized the president to use fore he believed necessary to enforce tariffs.
Name give by southern protestors toward the protective tariff.
Removal of Indian tribes to federal territory west of the Mississippi River.
Route which U.S. government forced Native Americans to migrate west of the Mississippi River.

3. Why did Congress pass a protective tariff?
WRITE THIS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK!
Why did Congress pass a protective tariff?
Manufacturers and store owners asked Congress for HELP! Cheap British goods were putting them out of business!
What is a protective tariff?
A protective tariff is a tax placed on goods brought into the United States from foreign countries.

4. The South sells less cotton to Britain causing the South to lose money!
The South had bought their manufactured goods from Britain at low prices, but the tariff made British goods more expensive. Many southerners didn’t want to buy cheaper northern goods.
Americans are buying less British cloth because it is more expensive due to the TARIFFS!
Britain needs less cotton because Americans are buying less British fabric.
The British also don’t want cotton picked by slave labor.

5. VOTING SUFFERAGE
An important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830, was the expansion of the right to vote toward including all white men. Property qualifications were eliminated.
Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification.

6. Before the tariff, British goods were cheaper than American goods.
After the tariff, British goods were more expensive than American goods.
British cloth manufactured for = $1.00
SOLD in America = .88¢
British cloth manufactured for = $1.00
SOLD in America = .88¢
Protective Tariff (Tax) added ¢
British cloth is now sold for $1.38
American cloth sold for $1.20

7. American cloth sells for $1.20
British cloth now sells for $1.37

8. Nullification is a belief in extreme states' rights where states have the right to declare null and void any federal law that they believe is unconstitutional.
If the federal government passes a law and a state doesn’t like it they can “nullify” the law and basically ignore it!
Nullification weakens the federal government and the “United” States as a whole nation. States can’t just pick and choose which laws they will and won’t follow!

9. Congress passes a law: “In all modes of transportation, a red signal means stop. A green signal means go.”
Yes!
No!
No!
No!
Yes!
Yes!
But some states believe red is an awful color and that they shouldn’t have to stop for such a hideous color! These states believe this law is unconstitutional and they agree it should not be followed in their state!
Yes!
No!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
No!
Yes!
No!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
How can the United States be “united” when states can pick and choose which federal laws they will and will not follow? Nullification weakens the nation.

10. In 1832, Congress passed a new tariff, the Compromise Tariff, that lowered the tax rate slightly (from 45% to 35%).
South Carolina was not satisfied. In South Carolina’s state Congress they passed the Nullification Act.
Nullification Act was an act passed in South Carolina that said it would ignore the tariff put in place by the federal government.
South Carolina threatened to secede (leave) the Union (United States) if the federal government tried to collect tariff duties.

11. Many Native American tribes including, the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole nations lived in the southeast region of the United States.
Many Native Americans living in this region hoped to live in peace with their white neighbors. However, the fertile land of the southeast, was ideal for growing cotton.
White settlers knowing they could make a lot of money planting and growing cotton wanted to push the Native Americans off the land so they could claim it for themselves.

12. Native American’s “new” territory
Like the United State’s presidents before him, Jackson sided with the white settlers. At his urging, the government set aside lands beyond the Mississippi River and then persuaded (or forced) the Indians to move there.
Jackson believed that this policy would provide land for white settlers as well as protect Indians from destruction.

13. Jackson believed that moving the Native Americans further west, into land not yet settled, would give white settlers the fertile southeast land they wanted as well as protect Indians from destruction.

16. Most Native Americans did not want to leave their ancestral homeland and move somewhere new.
Some, like the Cherokee Nation, had adopted customs of white settlers. They lived in farming villages and in 1821, a Native American named Sequoyah created a written alphabet which Cherokee children used to learn to read and write. The Cherokee Nation even published a newspaper.
In 1827 the Cherokee nation established a constitutional government which declared to the United States that they were a free and independent nation who could not be removed from their lands without the Cherokee nation’s consent.

17. The Cherokee’s constitution infuriated the Georgia legislature who passed a law that said the Cherokees living within the state of Georgia's boundaries had no rights.
The state of Georgia abolished the Cherokee nation’s government and began seizing Cherokee land and distributing it to the state's white citizens.
In 1830, representatives from Georgia and the other southern states passed a bill through Congress called the Indian Removal Act. The Indian Removal Act gave President Andrew Jackson the authority to negotiate removal treaties with the Native American tribes.

18. + =
The U.S. Constitution protected Native American treaty rights. If the state of Georgia, or the federal government, ignore the treaty signed with the Indians it would go against the constitution.
The Cherokee Nation signed treaties with the United States government years back giving them rights to live on the land.
The Cherokee nation went to court to defend their rights. They argued that treaties created and signed by them and the federal government protected their rights and property.
The Cherokee case reached the Supreme Court (Worcester v. Georgia).

19. Did the Supreme Court say that Georgia won because:
As a U.S state, George has the right to make laws for ALL people within its borders (including Indians).
Treaties made in the past with the United State government are void.
Did the Supreme Court say that the Cherokee nation won because:
Treaties made with the United States government are still in effect.
Those treaties protect the Cherokee people and their land.

20. So the Cherokee Indians won, right?
In 1832, Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees Indians.
The Court declared Georgia’s actions to be unconstitutional and said that Native Americans were protected by the United States Constitution.
So the Cherokee Indians won, right?
They could stay on their land, right?

21. BUT NOW HE DOES THE OPPOSITE!
President Andrew Jackson ignores the Supreme Court’s decision!
What?
When South Carolina passed the Nullification Act and threatened to leave the Union, President Jackson defended the federal government (going against states’ rights).
BUT NOW HE DOES THE OPPOSITE!
In the Worcester v. Georgia case, Jackson backs states’ rights and allows Georgia to move the Cherokee Indians off the land (going against the federal government)!

22. President Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision made by Chief Justice John Marshall.
Jackson said that the federal government could not stop Georgia from extending its authority over Cherokee lands.
The Supreme Court does not have control of the army (the president does), so the Court couldn’t enforce the law!

23. “Indian Territory”
In 1830, Jackson supporters pushed a bill through Congress called the Indian Removal Act.
It forced many Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River. Whites did not mind turning over the land to Indians because they thought the region they were being sent was a vast desert.
During the 1830s, thousands of Southeastern Indians were driven from their homes and forced to march to this area known as “Indian Territory.”

24. In 1838, the United States Army drove more than 15,000 Cherokee Indians westward to a land they had never seen - a reservation west of the Mississippi River.
The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of all the sorrow, misery and death they experienced.
The Cherokees trekked hundreds of miles over a period of several months. They had little food and shelter. Thousands died during the march, (1 in 4 Indians died - mostly children and the elderly).
The Trail of Tears also included the migration of the Seminoles, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creek Indians over the course of thirty years.

25. The Indians were moved from their ancestral lands in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. Held in concentration- like camps through the summer, they were then placed on a death march to Oklahoma. An eyewitness described the suffering: