1. Unit 2 Physiology and Health 1. Structure of the heart
Higher Human Biology
Unit 2 Physiology and Health
1. Structure of the heart

2. What do I remember? What is tissue fluid?
How is tissue fluid different to plasma?
What is the purpose of tissue fluid?
What is the lymphatic system?
What is lymph?
Extra: what happens when the lymphatic system goes wrong?

3. What do I need to know? What is the structure of the heart?
What is the path of blood through the heart?
What is the definition of cardiac output?
How is cardiac output calculated?

4. What is the structure of the heart? Revision
Right
Left
Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Semi lunar valve
AV Valve
Left ventricle
Thick muscular wall
Right ventricle
Thinner muscular wall

5. Heart Rate (HR) Revision
Number of times heart beats in one minute
Normal values around 72bpm
Normal range is between 60-90

6. Stroke Volume (SV)
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during contraction
Normal values are around 70ml
Calculate

7. Cardiac output = Heart rate x stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute and is the function of two factors:
Heart rate and Stroke volume
The left and right ventricles pump the same volume of blood through the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Cardiac output = Heart rate x stroke volume

8. Cardiac output calculation
At rest:
Heart Rate (HR)
= 72bpm
Stroke Volume (SV) =70ml
Cardiac output = HR X SV
= 72 x 70
= 5040 ml/min
= 5.04 l/min

9. Cardiac Output varies between individuals and depends on their physical fitness and level of activity
For example, the heart of a highly trained athlete can pump l/min
Most non-athletes can only achieve a max of 20 litres/min

10. What do I know What is the structure of the heart?
What is the path of blood through the heart?
What is the definition of cardiac output?
How is cardiac output calculated?

11. Activities Listen to heart beat using stethoscope
Measure heart rate using pulsometer
Dissect heart
Questions p165 No’s 1 - 3