1. The Debate Over Reconstruction
Chapter 10, Lesson 1

2. Focus Activity Describe this photograph
When and where do you think this photograph was taken?
What are three things you think people living in this setting did in the years following the photograph?
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3. Focus Activity
This photograph was taken in April 1865 in Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States. Today you are going to learn about some of the major challenges that the United States faced after the Civil War.
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4. The Civil War,
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The Civil War, The American Civil War was fought between the United States and the Confederate States of America from 1861 to Disagreements about slavery were a central source of the increasing political unrest and disunity in the country that led to the war. These disagreements largely followed sectional lines. Many white Southerners, both slaveholding and not, supported slavery, while many Northerners opposed slavery. The United States defeated the Confederate States of America.

5. Photograph of ruins in Richmond, Virginia, taken in 1865
Reconstruction Era
Reconstruction refers to the period following the Civil War between 1865 and John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, assassinated President Lincoln five days after the supreme commander of the Confederate army surrendered. As Lincoln’s vice president, Andrew Johnson became the new president. Johnson was a Southern Democrat who opposed secession of the Confederacy but, compared to Northern Republicans, was relatively sympathetic to Southern states.
Photograph of ruins in Richmond, Virginia, taken in 1865
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Many people in Congress opposed Johnson. His biggest opponents were
called Radical Republicans. “Radical” means extreme, and “radicals”
typically want to see extreme changes in society. In the 1860s the Radical
Republicans wanted to punish the South for the Civil War and supported
equal rights for freedmen.

6. Major Questions After the Civil War
How should the South be rebuilt?
How should the states that seceded be brought back into the Union?
How should former slaves be incorporated into the country as freed men and women?

7. Reconstructing a Nation
After 4 years of war and over 200 years of slavery, could Northerners and Southerners rebuild the South together?
Could they unify as citizens of the same country?
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Photograph of a Union soldier camp taken between 1861 and 1865

8. Punishment for the Confederate States?
Should people who fought against the United States be recognized as citizens? Should they be punished?
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Illustration of the Attack on Fort Sumter from 1861
What should be done to the Southern state governments that fought against the United States?

9. African Americans in the South
How would freed men and women be treated in the Southern states?
How would Northerners address the issue of including former slaves as citizens in society?
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Photograph of an enslaved family in South Carolina taken in 1862
What were some major challenges that former
slaves faced?

10. Central Historical Question
Why was the Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction considered “radical”?

11. Punish or Forgive? Both North and South suffered many dead
Charleston, SC
Both North and South suffered many dead
Southern industry, infrastructure and government was destroyed
South had to rebuild or North would have to provide for South
Atlanta, GA

12. Lincoln’s Attitude to South
Lincoln argued states still existed
Wanted southern governments restored quickly
Wanted to prevent Confederate officials from joining government
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up
the nation's wounds.” – Second Inaugural Address

13. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
If 10% of Southerners took oath to Constitution and US, would be readmitted
Let South rule itself
South must abolish slavery

14. Sic Semper Tyrannis “Thus Always to Tyrants”
John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in Ford Theater
Conspirators also tried to kill Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward
Booth and conspirators were killed or executed

15. Radical Republicans Radical Republicans wanted to punish south
Thaddeus Stevens
Radical Republicans wanted to punish south
Want equality for freedmen
States needed to be re-created
Congress can decide how South is governed
Wanted south ruled like a conquered province
Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner

16. Wade Davis Plan Majority of southerners must declare loyalty
To vote or hold office could not have served in Confederate government or army
New state constitutions must be made
South under military rule until requirements met
Lincoln did not sign bill
First page of "A Bill to guaranty to certain states whose governments have been usurped or overthrown, a republican form of government." (Wade-Davis bill as amended by Representative Thaddeus Stevens), National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives

17. Andrew Johnson Former Democrat from Tennessee
Made Lincoln’s Vice President to attract Democrat votes
Not trusted by Republicans
Johnson planned to use Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, not Congress

22. Freedman’s Bureau Originally made to help freed slaves
with food
Jobs
medical care
built schools
Johnson vetoes bill

23. Civil Rights Bill
Allowed federal government to protect civil rights of all citizens
Johnson vetoes because he thought it violated state’s rights principle
Angered Moderate Republicans
Moderates join with Radicals to pass Freedman’s Bureau and Civil Rights bills over Johnson’s veto

24. Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson tells south
Repudiate (refuse to pay) war debt
Nullify ordinances of secession
Adopt 13th Amendment freeing slaves
SC does not recognize illegality of secession
MS does not ratify 13th Amendment

25. Confederates In Office
Johnson pardoned many Confederate politicians and officers
Many were elected into new southern governments
Vice President of CSA, 6 Confederate Cabinet members, 58 members of Confederate Congress
South got more representatives in Congress because now blacks counted in population

26. Black Codes Laws to restrict freedom of blacks Vagrancy laws
Could not vote
Could not marry whites
Could not serve on juries
Vagrancy laws
Tried to force blacks to stay on plantations

27. Committee of Reconstruction
Congressional Committee to make a plan for Reconstruction
Moderate Republicans joined Radical Republicans to oppose seating Southern congressmen
Southern states were no longer states
President didn’t have authority to determine membership in Congress or readmission of states

28. Fourteenth Amendment
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

29. Fourteenth Amendment
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,(See Note 15) and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

30. Fourteenth Amendment
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,(See Note 15) and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
States will lose
Representatives
if they don’t let
Blacks vote

31. Fourteenth Amendment Defines citizenship in US
Must allow all adult males to vote
No Confederate war debt could be paid
Pardons of Confederate officials require 2/3 vote of Congress
Tennessee ratifies 14th Amendment all other southern states refuse

32. Military Reconstruction
Congress divided south into 5 military districts
Demanded south abolish slavery, protect civil rights, ratify 14th Amendment
Denied right to vote or hold office to Confederates – all others can vote regardless of color
South feared freed slaves would take over

33. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
President Johnson vetoed many laws passed by Congress
Congress responded by trying to take away power from President
Tenure of Office Act
Said President needed consent of Senate to fire federal official
Johnson fired Secretary of War Stanton without permission

34. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
House impeached Johnson for violating Tenure of Office Act
Senate failed to convict by one vote

35. Election of 1868 Ulysses S Grant (R) Horatio Seymour (D)
“Waving Bloody Shirt”
Republicans tactic to remind voters that Republicans freed slaves and won war
Grant wins with help of black vote

36. Fifteenth Amendment
Forbids US or any state denying right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude