1. PENGGUNAAN ENERGI DALAM KEADAAN ISTIRAHAT DAN LATIHAN
HENDRA WIJAYA

2. The Chemistry of Energy Production
Energy in the human body is derived from the breakdown of complex nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
The end result of this breakdown is production of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule.
ATP provides energy necessary for body functions
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
ATP
Muscular Work
Digesting Food
Thermoregulation
Breakdown of
Energy currency
Biochemical processes
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3. ATP Cycle Overview a) ATP breakdown b) Phosphorylation
c) ATP resynthesis
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4. a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover)
ADP
H2O +
Energy + P +
1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of
ATP molecule by H2O
2. Phosphate molecule (P) is released from ATP
(ATP ADP)
3. Energy is released (38-42 kJ, or 9-10kcal/ mol ATP)
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5. b) Phosphorylation
Molecule P +
Energy for muscle contraction
1. Energy released by ATP turnover can be used by body
when a free P group is transferred to another molecule
(phosphorylation)
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6. c) ATP resynthesis ATP ADP Energy + P +
Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up
very quickly and ATP must be regenerated
2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and P
3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from
breakdown of food molecules)
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7. Human Energy Systems ATP-PC System Lactic Acid System Oxygen System
adenosine triphosphate
phosphocreatine
Lactic Acid System
anaerobic glycolytic pathway
Oxygen System
aerobic metabolic pathways

8. The Energy Systems c) the aerobic oxidative system
the high energy phosphate system (ATP-PC)
Adenosintriphosphate
Phosphocreatine
the anaerobic glycolytic system
(Lactic acid system)
c) the aerobic oxidative system
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9. The Roles of the Three Energy Systems in Competitive Sport
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10. 1. The High Energy Phosphate System
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11. The High Energy Phosphate System Overview
Primary energy source:
Duration of activity:
Sporting events:
Advantages:
Limiting factors:
Stored ATP, CP
7-12 s
Weight lifting, high jump, long jump, 100m run, 25m swim
Produce very large amount of energy in a short amount of time
Initial concentration of high energy phosphates (ATP, PC)
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12. ATP – Energy for muscle contraction
ATP-PC Energy System
ATP – Energy for muscle contraction

14. Training the High Energy Phosphate System
a) Interval training:
- 20% increase in CP (creatine phosphate) stores
- no change in ATP stores
- increase in ATPase function (ATP -> ADP+P)
- increase in CPK (creatine phosphokinase) function (CPK breaks down CP molecule and allows ATP resynthesis)
b) Sprint training:
- increase in CP stores up to 40%
- 100% increase in resting ATP stores
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15. 2. The Anaerobic Glycolytic System

16. The Anaerobic Glycolytic System Overview
Primary energy source:
Duration of activity:
Sporting events:
Advantages:
Limiting factors:
Stored glycogen, blood glucose
12 s – 3 min
Lactic acid build up, H+ ions build up (decrease of pH)
800m run, 200m swim, downhill ski racing, 1500 speed skating
Ability to produce energy under conditions of inadequate oxygen
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19. The Anaerobic Glycolytic System
Lactic Acid
Glycogen
ADP + Pi  ATP
ENERGY
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20. Glycolysis
A biochemical process that releases energy in the form of ATP from glycogen and glucose
anaerobic process (in the absence of oxygen)
The products of glycolysis (per molecule of glycogen):
- 2 molecules of ATP
- 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
The by-product of glycolysis (per molecule of glycogen):
- 2 molecules of lactic acid
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21. Anaerobic Threshold
The exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate within the blood
The point during exercise where the person begins to feel discomfort and burning sensations in their muscles
Lactic acid is used to store pyruvate and hydrogen ions until they can be processed by the aerobic system
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22. The Anaerobic Glycolytic System cont.
Starts when:
the reserves of high energy phosphate compounds fall to a low level
the rate of glycolysis is high and there is a buildup of pyruvic acid
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23. Substrates for the anaerobic energy system
The primary source of substrates is carbohydrate
Carbohydrates:
primary dietary source of glucose
primary energy fuels for brain, muscles, heart, liver
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24. Carbohydrate breakdown and storage
Complex
Carbohydrates
Digestive
system
Glucose
Blood
Stream
Glucose stored
in blood
Gluconeogenesis
Circulation of glucose
around body
Glycogen
Glycogen stored
in muscle or liver
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25. Effect of Training on the Anaerobic Glycolytic System
Rate of lactic acid accumulation is increased in the trained individual
This rate can be decreased by:
a) reducing the rate of lactate production
- increase in the effectiveness of the aerobic oxidative system
b) increasing the rate of lactate elimination
- increased rate of lactic acid diffusion from active muscles
- increased muscle blood flow
- increased ability to metabolize lactate in the heart, liver and in non-working muscle
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26. 3. The Aerobic Oxidative System

27. Oxygen Energy System

28. The Aerobic Oxidative System Overview
Primary energy source:
Duration of activity:
Sporting events:
Advantages:
Limiting factors:
Glycogen, glucose, fats, proteins
> 3 min
Lung function, max.blood flow, oxygen availability, excess. energy demands
Walking, jogging, swimming,
walking up stairs
Large output of energy over a long
period of time, removal of lactic acid
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29. Aerobic Oxidative System
Glycogen O2
Protein
Fat
ADP + Pi  ATP
ENERGY
Carbon
Dioxide
Water
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30. The Aerobic Oxidative System
The most important energy system in the human body
Blood lactate levels remain relatively low (3-6mmol/L bl)
Primary source of energy (70-95%) for exercise lasting longer than 10 minutes provided that:
a) working muscles have sufficient mitochondria to meet energy requirements
b) sufficient oxygen is supplied to the mitochondria
c) enzymes or intermediate products do not limit the Kreb’s cycle
Primary source of energy for the exercise that is performed at an intensity lower than that of the anaerobic oxidative system
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31. 09.06 Aerobic Respiration Overview
Slide number: 6
Glucose
Plasma
membrane
Extracellular fluid
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Pyruvate
Glycolysis
ATP
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
ATP
NADH
CO2
Krebs
cycle
ATP
H2O O2
Electron
transport
system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. The Oxidative Phosphorylation System
Two Pathways: Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain
Biochemical process used to resynthesize ATP by combining ADP and P in the presence of oxygen
Takes place in mitochondrion (contains enzymes, co-enzymes)
Energy yield from 1 molecule of glucose is 36 ATP molecules
Energy yield from 1 molecule of fat up to 169 ATP molecules
By-products of this reaction: carbon dioxide, water
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34. INTERACTION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
Immediate
Short-term
Long-term

35. Energy Systems for Exercise
Mole of ATP/min
Time to Fatigue
Immediate: ATP - PCr
(ATP & phosphocreatine) 4
5 to 10 sec
Short Term: Glycolytic
(Glycogen-Lactic Acid)
2.5
1 to 2 min
Long Term: Oxidative 1
Unlimited time

38. Summary of the three energy systems
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39. The Role of Three Energy Systems During an All-out Exercise Activity of Different Duration
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40. Factors Affecting Physical Performance
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41. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR SKELETAL MUSCLE ( Resting vs. Working)

42. ATP Use in the Resting Muscle Cell
ATP is necessary for cellular housekeeping duties, e.g.:
ATP is used for glycogenesis (storage form of glucose)
ATP is used to create another energy storage compound called creatine phosphate

43. Resting Muscle and the Krebs Cycle
Resting muscle fibers typically takes up fatty acids from the blood stream.
Inside the muscle fiber, the FA’s are oxidized (in the mitochondria) to produce Acetyl-CoA & several molecules of NADH and FADH2
Acetyl-CoA will then enter the Krebs cycle (in the mitochondria) CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2, and oxaloacetate
NADH and FADH2 will enter the Electron Transport Chain. (in the inner mitochondrial membrane) synthesis of ATP

44. Figure 10–20a

45. ATP use in Working Muscle
As we begin to exercise, we almost immediately use our stored ATP
For the next 15 seconds or so, we turn to the creatine-phosphate.
This system dominates in events such as the 100m dash or lifting weights.

46. Working Muscle
After the phosphagen system is depleted, the muscles must find another ATP source.
*The process of anaerobic metabolism can maintain ATP supply for about 45-60s.
Glycogen  Glucose  2 pyruvic acid (2 ATP + 2 NADH)
2 Pyruvic acid  2 lactic acid (2 NAD+)
Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood  taken by the liver  Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood  taken by the muscle again
* It usually takes a little time for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems to catch up with the muscles and supply O2 for aerobic metabolism.

47. Muscle Metabolism
Figure 10–20c

48. Anaerobic Metabolism, continued…
Anaerobic metabolism is inefficient… Why?
Large amounts of glucose are used for very small ATP returns.
Lactic acid is produced whose presence contributes to muscle fatigue
Which type of sports uses anaerobic metabolism?
Sports that requires bursts of speed and activity, e.g., basketball.

49. Aerobic Metabolism
Occurs when the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have “caught up with” the working muscles.
Prior to this, some aerobic respiration will occur thanks to the muscle protein, myoglobin, which binds and stores oxygen.
During rest and light to moderate exercise, aerobic metabolism contributes 95% of the necessary ATP.
Compounds which can be aerobically metabolized include:
Fatty acids, Pyruvic acid (made via glycolysis), and amino acids.

51. Cori Cycle
Lactic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid and then glucose
Glucose
Glycogen
Lactate
Blood Glucose
Blood Lactate

52. Glucose alanine cycle

53. The Power Of The Aerobic System
Evaluated by measuring the maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed per kilogram of mass in a given amount of time
This measure is called aerobic power or VO2 max (ml/min/kg)
Factors that contribute to a high aerobic power:
a) arterial oxygen content (CaO2)
- depends on adequate ventilation and the O2-carrying capacity of blood
b) cardiac output (Q = HR x stroke volume)
- increased by elevation of the work of heart and increased peripheral blood flow
c) tissue oxygen extraction (a-vO2 diff)
- depends upon the rate of O2 diffusion from capillaries and the rate of O2 utilization

54. The Substrates for the Aerobic System
Carbohydrates ( glycogen and glucose) and fats (triglycerides and fatty acids)
Fats:
found in dairy products, meats, table fats, nuts, and some vegetables
body’s largest store of energy, cushion the vital organs, protect the body from cold, and serve to transport vitamins
each gram of fat contains 9 calories of energy

57. Effect of Training on Aerobic Systems
Endurance training is the most effective method (long duration several times per week):
- increases vascularization within muscles
- increases number and size of mitochondria within the muscle fibres
- increases the activity of enzymes (Krebs cycle)
- preferential use of fats over glycogen during exercise
Endurance training increases the max aerobic power of a sedentary individual by 15-25% regardless of age
An older individual adapts more slowly
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58. Aerobic or Anaerobic?

59. Aerobic or Anaerobic?

60. Aerobic or Anaerobic?

61. Aerobic or Anaerobic?

62. Aerobic or Anaerobic?

63. Aerobic or Anaerobic?

64. Discussion Questions:
1. What are the differences between the 3 energy systems?
2. List one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the 3 energy systems.
3. Give an example of three activities or sports that use each of (a) the high energy phosphate system, (b) the anaerobic glycolytic system, and (c) the aerobic oxidative system as their primary source of energy (one sport for each energy system).
4. What is the most important source of fuel in the body for all types of energy production - a substance also known as the energy currency of the body?
5. Define ATP turnover and ATP resynthesis.