1. Materials Selection

2. Steel – what, where, when, why?
What is steel made of?
How many tons produced per year world-wide?
How many tons produced per year US?
How many tons used per year US?
Major uses / products?
Kinds of steel?

3. Steel – what, where, when, why?
What is steel made of? Fe + C (Mo, Mn, Cr, Ni, Si, etc.)
How many tons produced per year world-wide? 100,000,000
How many tons produced per year US? 13,000,000
How many tons used per year US? 31,000,000
Major uses / products? automotive, construction, oil & gas, appliances, containers,
Kinds of steel? low C, high C, alloy, stainless, martensitic, etc.

4. Steel products and prices:
AVERAGE IMPORT CUSTOMS VALUE PER NET TON*
Product
August 2003
21 Year Ave
% Change
Wire Rods
$302
$349
-13.60%
Bars - Hot Rolled
$429
$455
-5.90%
Bars - Cold Finished
$903
$927
-2.60%
Standard Pipe
$462
$468
-1.10%
Oil Country Goods
$598
$685
-12.70%
Mechanical Tubing
$677
$775
-12.60%
Structural Pipe & Tubing
$446
$452
-1.30%
Wire-Drawn and/or Rolled
$767
$811
-5.40%
Tin Plate
$557
$574
-3.00%
Sheet & Strip Galv. (Electrolytic)
$479
$555
-13.80%
Electrical Sheet & Strip
$715
$923
-22.50%
Strip - Hot Rolled
$379
$445
14.90%
Note: record import surge began in the first quarter of * Includes Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Source: U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census

5. % change 2002 Annualized vs 94-97 Avg.*
Imported from where?
U.S. IMPORTS OF FINISHED STEEL MILL PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (thousands of net tons)
Prelim 8 Mos 2003
8 Mos 2002
2003 Annualized Prelim
Annual Average *
% change 2002 Annualized vs Avg.*
Canada
3,315
3,847
4,973 -
European Union
2,256
2,954
3,384
6,111
-44.60%
Mexico
988
1,136
1,482
Korea
812
1,148
1,218
1,432
-14.90%
Turkey
685
694
1,028
460
123.50%
Japan
650
1,184
975
2,200
-55.70%
China
435
313
653
362
80.40%
Brazil
350
344
525
850
-38.20%
India
318
299
477
138
245.70%
Australia
254
217
381 56
580.40%
Argentina
189
150
154.00%
Egypt
247
204
371 51
627.50%
South Africa
218
180
327
321
1.90%
Romania
190
140
285 92
209.80%
Others
1,411
1,993
2,117
4,375
-51.60%
Total
12,383
14,842
18,575
22,192
-16.30%

6. C content in steels : Type of steel: Fe + ... Typical uses:
Low-C % C general construction, low  applications.
Medium-C % C machinery parts, nuts, bolts, shafts, gears, medium 
High-C % C springs, cutting tools, dies, high uses.
Cast Iron % C engine blocks, drain pipes,
machine cabinets

7. Phase diagrams : T  L A B b
+b
+L
b+L

8. Iron - carbon phase diagram
Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram, Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th ed., Pollack, Prentice-Hall, 1988

9. Iron - carbon phases

10. Iron - carbon transformations

11. Pure Fe phase changes :

12. Eutectoid reaction :

13. Lever rule : 
%  is d
c + d
%  is c x
c d T  A
x1 x x2 B

14. Hypoeuctictoid steels :

15. Hypereutectoid Steel :

16. Transformations :
Equilibrium transformations (slow cooling)  ->  “ferrite”  -> Fe3C “iron carbide”  ->  + Fe3C “pearlite”
Nonequlibrium (fast cooling / quenching)  -> ’ “martensite”

17. Pearlite :
Two phases ( + Fe3C)

18. Martensite :
Quenched in distortions :
+ C C Fe

19. Martensite mechanical prop. :
very hard and
very brittle (too brittle !!!)