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The Unification of Italy and Germany
In this lesson, students will be able to identify the actions of the following individuals as well as define the term “Blood and Iron”: Otto Von Bismarck “Blood and Iron” Count Cavor Giuseppe Garibaldi Created by: E. Napp (White Plains HS) Adapted by: S. Fitzgerald (FD Roosevelt HS) E. Napp
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Questions for Reflection:
Define nationalism. Describe German unification. (refer to policy of “Blood & Iron”) Did Otto von Bismarck believe in “the ends justify the means”? Who was Count Cavour and what did he do? How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help Count Cavour? E. Napp
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Before 1848, Germany was a confederation
of 38 states ruled by princes or kings. E. Napp
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Prussia was the largest and most powerful German state.
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Many Germans believed that unity could only be achieved through
Prussian leadership. E. Napp
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But the Prussian king would not take the
crown from the hands of revolutionaries and liberals. E. Napp
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The Prussian king appointed Otto von Bismarck his chief minister
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Blood = hard work of people, war when necessary
Bismarck intended to use “Blood and Iron” as a means for unification. Blood = hard work of people, war when necessary Iron = Industrialization, technology & weapons E. Napp
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The Prussians fought three wars to
unify Germany. They fought the Danes, the Austrians, and the French. Unification was achieved through “blood and iron”. E. Napp
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Schleswig and Holstein
The Prussians fought Denmark for control of Schleswig and Holstein in 1864. E. Napp
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The Prussians fought the Austrians over administration of territories.
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And finally, the Prussians fought the French thereby successfully
uniting Northern German Protestants and Southern German Catholics. E. Napp
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By 1871, Germany was unified. Kaiser
or Emperor Wilhelm I ruled and Otto von Bismarck served as the chancellor. E. Napp
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Otto von Bismarck followed a policy of “blood and iron”
to achieve his goals. E. Napp
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“The greatest questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and
majority decisions but by iron and blood.” Otto von Bismarck E. Napp
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Although there was a national assembly,
it was controlled by conservative Prussian landowners, not the working people. E. Napp
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From the early 1800s, much of Northern Italy was ruled by Austria.
Since the Middle Ages, Italy had been a collection of kingdoms and city-states. From the early 1800s, much of Northern Italy was ruled by Austria. E. Napp
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The Pope controlled central
Italy. E. Napp
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of Italian unification. His writings inspired nationalists.
Giuseppe Mazzini founded an organization called “Young Italy”. It was a secret society for Italian unification. Mazzini was the “soul” of Italian unification. His writings inspired nationalists. E. Napp
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Mazzini’s writings stirred up revolts but the revolts were quickly put
down. Mazzini had to flee Italy. E. Napp
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Garibaldi was the “sword” of unification.
Giuseppe Garibaldi worked with Mazzini and was also exiled. Garibaldi was the “sword” of unification. E. Napp
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He organized an army for unification. His soldiers were known
as the “Red Shirts”. E. Napp
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“Mastermind” or “Brain” of unification.
In 1852, Count Cavour became the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont or Sardinia. Cavour was known as the “Mastermind” or “Brain” of unification. E. Napp
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With French help, Cavour drove the Austrians out of
Northern Italy after a war in 1859. E. Napp
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Cavour then annexed most of the other
states of northern and central Italy. E. Napp
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Giuseppe Garibaldi, overthrew the king of
Naples in the south (1860). He then joined Naples to Cavour’s enlarged Piedmont. E. Napp
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By 1860, Italy had become a united kingdom. (Rome added in 1870)
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National unification failed to end the cultural and economic divisions
that separated Italy’s north and south. E. Napp
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