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The Unification of Italy and Germany

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1 The Unification of Italy and Germany
In this lesson, students will be able to identify the actions of the following individuals as well as define the term “Blood and Iron”: Otto Von Bismarck “Blood and Iron” Count Cavor Giuseppe Garibaldi Created by: E. Napp (White Plains HS) Adapted by: S. Fitzgerald (FD Roosevelt HS) E. Napp

2 Questions for Reflection:
Define nationalism. Describe German unification. (refer to policy of “Blood & Iron”) Did Otto von Bismarck believe in “the ends justify the means”? Who was Count Cavour and what did he do? How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help Count Cavour? E. Napp

3 Before 1848, Germany was a confederation
of 38 states ruled by princes or kings. E. Napp

4 Prussia was the largest and most powerful German state.
E. Napp

5 Many Germans believed that unity could only be achieved through
Prussian leadership. E. Napp

6 But the Prussian king would not take the
crown from the hands of revolutionaries and liberals. E. Napp

7 The Prussian king appointed Otto von Bismarck his chief minister
E. Napp

8 Blood = hard work of people, war when necessary
Bismarck intended to use “Blood and Iron” as a means for unification. Blood = hard work of people, war when necessary Iron = Industrialization, technology & weapons E. Napp

9 The Prussians fought three wars to
unify Germany. They fought the Danes, the Austrians, and the French. Unification was achieved through “blood and iron”. E. Napp

10 Schleswig and Holstein
The Prussians fought Denmark for control of Schleswig and Holstein in 1864. E. Napp

11 The Prussians fought the Austrians over administration of territories.
E. Napp

12 And finally, the Prussians fought the French thereby successfully
uniting Northern German Protestants and Southern German Catholics. E. Napp

13 By 1871, Germany was unified. Kaiser
or Emperor Wilhelm I ruled and Otto von Bismarck served as the chancellor. E. Napp

14 Otto von Bismarck followed a policy of “blood and iron”
to achieve his goals. E. Napp

15 “The greatest questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and
majority decisions but by iron and blood.” Otto von Bismarck E. Napp

16 Although there was a national assembly,
it was controlled by conservative Prussian landowners, not the working people. E. Napp

17 From the early 1800s, much of Northern Italy was ruled by Austria.
Since the Middle Ages, Italy had been a collection of kingdoms and city-states. From the early 1800s, much of Northern Italy was ruled by Austria. E. Napp

18 The Pope controlled central
Italy. E. Napp

19 of Italian unification. His writings inspired nationalists.
Giuseppe Mazzini founded an organization called “Young Italy”. It was a secret society for Italian unification. Mazzini was the “soul” of Italian unification. His writings inspired nationalists. E. Napp

20 Mazzini’s writings stirred up revolts but the revolts were quickly put
down. Mazzini had to flee Italy. E. Napp

21 Garibaldi was the “sword” of unification.
Giuseppe Garibaldi worked with Mazzini and was also exiled. Garibaldi was the “sword” of unification. E. Napp

22 He organized an army for unification. His soldiers were known
as the “Red Shirts”. E. Napp

23 “Mastermind” or “Brain” of unification.
In 1852, Count Cavour became the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont or Sardinia. Cavour was known as the “Mastermind” or “Brain” of unification. E. Napp

24 With French help, Cavour drove the Austrians out of
Northern Italy after a war in 1859. E. Napp

25 Cavour then annexed most of the other
states of northern and central Italy. E. Napp

26 Giuseppe Garibaldi, overthrew the king of
Naples in the south (1860). He then joined Naples to Cavour’s enlarged Piedmont. E. Napp

27 By 1860, Italy had become a united kingdom. (Rome added in 1870)
E. Napp

28 National unification failed to end the cultural and economic divisions
that separated Italy’s north and south. E. Napp


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