1. - Connectors: Conjunctions
Cohesive links
- Connectors: Conjunctions
May Horverak 2014

2. Why connectors Link, schoolhouse rock, conjunctions
Purpose:
connect elements
Create coherence, the elements in the texts are logically structured and linked
May Horverak 2014

3. Categorisation of connectors
Types of connectors:
Co-ordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, for)
Subordinating conjunctions (while, because, although)
Conjuncts (However, Nevertheless, Meanwhile)
Function of connectors:
Additive: introducing extra information (and, in addition)
Adversative: introducing contradictory information (but, however)
Causal: introducing a reason (because, therefore)
Temporal: introducing an order of something in time (first, then)
Conditional: expressing a condition (if)
May Horverak 2014

4. Connectors Function Co-ordinating conjunctions combining main clauses
Subordinating conjunctions
Introducing subclauses
Conjuncts;
(Can be used in the beginning of sentences, followed by a comma)
Additive
(tillegg)
and or
Furthermore
In addition
Besides
Likewise
Similarly
As well as
For instance
Adversative
(motsetning)
But
although
even though
whereas
However
Nevertheless
Yet
On the one hand, on the other hand
On the contrary
Despite this
May Horverak 2014

5. Causal
(årsak)
For
because as
since
Consequently
As a result So
Therefore
Hence
That being so
For this reason
From this
According to
Temporal
(tid)
when
after
before
once
until
while
First/Firstly
Second/Secondly
Third/Thirdly
Finally
Then
Next
At the same time
To sum up
In conclusion
Conditional
(forutsetning) if
as long as
May Horverak 2014

6. Co-ordinating conjunctions
Sentences can be combined by using different types of conjunctions. Conjunctions are always found between the items they list, and can never start a sentence.
Additive conjunctions (add an element): and, or
He smiles and he talks.
He is laughing or he is crying.
Adversative conjunctions (present a contradiction): but
She laughs but she seems sad.
Causal conjunctions (present a reason): for
He went to the party for he liked a girl there.
May Horverak 2014

7. Exercises
Identify co-ordinating conjunctions in the example-essay about English as a global language. Which ones are used to combine sentences?
Look through what you have written previously and identify co-ordinating conjunctions. Do any of them start new sentences? If so, rewrite the text so they combine sentences.
Use your notes about American society and values. Write two sentences with each of these conjunctions; «and», «or», «but»
May Horverak 2014

8. Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions introduce sub-clauses that give extra information about the action in the sentence. Sub-clauses can occur both in the beginning and in the end of a sentence.
Adversative subjunctions (present a contradiction):
The girl in the red dress was happy whereas the girl in the blue dress was sad.
Although the man in the corner felt awful, he stayed the whole evening.
Causal subjunctions (present a reason)
He came home because he was tired.
As he had finished the job, he left.
Temporal subjunctions (indicate time)
He has been like that since he arrived.
Before the young girl arrived, he made everything ready for a perfect date
Conditional subjunctions (present a condition for something)
I will come if it stops raining.
As long as you are okay with it, I will do it.
Notice the comma after sub-clauses when these occur in the beginning of sentences.
May Horverak 2014

9. Exercises
Identify subordinating conjunctions in the example-essay about English as a global language. What type of function do the various subordinating conjunctions have? Try to rewrite some of the sentences, moving the sub-clause to the beginning or the end of the sentence, depending on where it is.
Look through what you have written previously and identify subordinating conjunctions.
Use your notes about American society and values. Write ten sentences using different subordinating conjunctions with different functions.
May Horverak 2014