1. Introduction to Urinalysis
Lesson 5-1
Introduction to Urinalysis

2. Overview Anatomy of urinary system Urine formation and composition
Hormones
Tests of renal function
Conditions and diseases
Dialysis

3. Role of Kidneys Eliminate waste products Regulate acid–base balance
Regulate body fluids
Produce hormones
Excretion of urine

4. Anatomy of Urinary System
Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

5. Anatomy of the Kidneys Cortex Medulla Renal hilus Functional unit
Nephron

6. The Nephron
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Renal tubule

7. The Nephron
Filters the blood
Concentrates
the urine

8. Urine Formation 45 gallons of filtrate produced daily
Most water in filtrate is reabsorbed
Selective reabsorption
Secretion of K+ and H+ ions

9. Urine Composition Urine 95% water, 5% solutes
Urea is solute in highest concentration
See Table 5-1

10. Hormones Influencing Kidney Function
Calcitonin
Aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
See Table 5-2

11. Hormones Produced by the Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Renin
Active vitamin D3
See Table 5-3

12. Urine Volume Several factors influence volume Renal threshold
Volume differs with age
Adult: 750 mL to 2,000 mL/day
Diuretics increase urine output
Renal threshold

13. Tests of Renal Function
Routine urinalysis
Physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination
Tests on 24-hour urines

14. Conditions and Diseases
See Table 5-4
Urinary tract infections
Diseases of the kidneys
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Tubular necrosis

15. Conditions and Diseases
Systemic diseases
Diabetes
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Autoimmune diseases
Nephrotic syndrome
Malignancies
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