1. Bellringer review
Which group of people held more power in the Roman republic, patricians or plebeians?
What characterizes a republic and how was the Roman Republic different from a Monarchy?
Give me 1 comparison and 1 contrast of the Roman Republic and the US republic

2. From Republic to Empire
Main Idea
Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government.
Reading Focus
What problems did leaders face in the late Roman Republic?
How did Rome become an empire?
What helped tie the Roman empire together during the Pax Romana?

3. Problems in the Late Republic
By the mid-100s BC, Rome had no rival anywhere in the Mediterranean world. However, the responsibilities of running their vast holdings stretched the Roman political system to its limits.
Revolution began in political, social institutions
Tensions grew between classes of Roman society
Gracchi brothers tried to resolve tension
Social Unrest
Tribune Tiberius Gracchus noted mistreatment of soldier-farmers
Many reduced to poverty
Tiberius, brother Gaius tried to help soldiers
Soldier-Farmers
Gracchi tried to redistribute public land to farmers
Had public support, but Senate feared Gracchi trying to reduce its power
Senate urged mobs to kill brothers
Public Land

5. **And write this down**
Summarize
**And write this down**
What challenges faced Rome in the late Republic?
Answer(s): slave revolts, social unrest, the Social War, and a civil war in which Sulla became dictator

6. Rome Becomes an Empire The First Triumvirate End of Triumvirate
Sulla paved the way for major changes in Rome’s government. The end of the Republic resulted from the ambitions of a few individuals.
Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus helped bring end to Republic
Caesar, Pompey successful military commanders
Crassus one of wealthiest people in Rome
60 BC, the three took over Roman state, ruled as First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate
Crassus died; Pompey, Caesar fought civil war
Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of Rome, became dictator for life, 44 BC
Caesar brought many changes to Rome, popular reforms
Caesar went on to add new conquests to Rome, sending word back, “Veni, Vidi, Vinci!”
End of Triumvirate

7. Caesar named Dictator!
Most Roman’s believed Caesar’s one-man rule was preferable to the chaos that had gone before, even though it violated the Republic’s constitution.
In Rome, the Senate elected Caesar dictator, consul, tribune, sole commander of the army, and chief of the city’s treasury.
He expanded the senate, elected friends and supporters from Italy and neighboring provinces.
He built new temples, libraries, and buildings.
Ordered a review of the Roman calendar to make it more accurate.
Fun Fact: the month July is named after him

8. Other Accomplishments of Caesar
He enacted many reforms to improve the economy. He limited the grain dole to those actually in need so that the capital city would not continue as a magnet for idle mobs. He established Roman colonies by giving land to the soldiers and landless peasants in Carthage and Corinth. He made a law which limited the number of slaves estates could employ so that the poor free people would have more work.
In the provinces (land conquered by Rome) he appointed new governors and made them strictly accountable so they would no longer simply plunder the people of all their wealth. He reduced taxes and made collections more fair. He allowed the people in Sicily, Spain and Gaul to become Roman citizens so they could participate in the central government as well as their local governments.
But not everyone was pleased with Caesar’s accomplishments…

9. Et tu Brute?!
Other Romans, especially the Senators hated Caesar and plotted to get rid of him.
When Caesar brought Cleopatra to Rome and had a statue of her placed in a temple, his opponents were outraged
A group of disgruntled Senators hatched a plan to kill him, on March 15 in 44 B.C.
Pretending they wanted to question him about a petition, they gathered around him in the Senate chambers.
They had daggers hidden in their togas.
Caesar saw his “friend” Brutus with a dagger, his last words were “et tu Brute” (you too Brutus?)

11. The Second Triumvirate
Caesar’s murder did not save the Republic
43 BC, Second Triumvirate took power—Caesar’s grand-nephew/adopted son, Octavian; loyal officer Marc Antony; high priest Lepidus
Lepidus pushed aside; Antony, Octavian agreed to govern half the empire each, Octavian in west, Antony in East
Civil War
Civil war between Octavian, Antony broke out
Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypt’s Queen Cleopatra
Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian alone controlled Rome
Republic effectively dead; new period in Roman history beginning

12. The Story of Cleopatra and Marc Antony
After Caesar's assassination, Cleopatra set her sights on the dashing Roman general Mark Antony.
The two began an affair, resulting in twins & Antony wed Cleopatra in 36 B.C.
After appointing his wife ruler of Egypt, the Roman Senate was so outraged that they denounced him a traitor and sent Octavian to kill him.
In desperation, Cleopatra spread rumors of her own suicide. Antony, unaware of her plan, stabbed himself to death. When Cleopatra heard of this, she took her own life by inducing a poisonous snake to bite her.

13. What challenges did Rome face in the LATE REPUBLIC?
Check…1…2…
What challenges did Rome face in the LATE REPUBLIC?
What happened to all of the land that the Roman military conquered…who was it given to?
What was the First Triumvirate?
What happened when the First Triumvirate ended?

14. From Octavian to Augustus
Octavian Takes Power
Octavian faced task of restoring order in empire
Had no intention of establishing dictatorship when he took power
New Political Order
Octavian decided it impossible to return Rome to republican form of government
Created new political order, known today as the empire
Principate
Octavian careful to avoid title of king or emperor
Called himself princeps, “first citizen”
Government called Principate
New Title
27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title Augustus, “exalted one”
Title a religious honor; able to wear laurel and oak leaf crown

15. Accomplishments of Augustus
Encouraged trade
Common coinage
Civil Service—grain supply, postal system, tax collection
Done by plebeians and former slaves
Buildings and monuments

16. Empire grew tremendously under Good Emperors

18. **And write this down**
Explain
**And write this down**
What aspects of Roman society remained similar from Republic to Empire?
Answer(s): wide disparity from Rich and poor,

19. The Pax Romana
The period from the beginning of August’s reign in 27 BC until the death of the last of the Good Emperors in AD 180 is often called the Pax Romana—the Roman Peace. This era was characterized by stable government, a strong legal system, widespread trade, and peace.
Empire divided into provinces ruled by governors appointed from Rome
Government in Rome kept close check on governors
Any citizen could appeal unfair treatment directly to emperor
Provinces
Roman government strongest unifying force in empire
Maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers
Aristocracy participated, but emperors made all important decisions
Government
Empire brought uniformity to the cities of the Mediterranean world, which were governed in imitation of Rome.

20. How did government, law, and trade tie the Roman people together?
Analyze
How did government, law, and trade tie the Roman people together?
Answer(s): The Roman government was the strongest unifying force, maintaining order, enforcing the laws, and defending the frontiers. Roman law provided stability and, with few exceptions, the same laws applied to everyone in the empire. Trade provided opportunities for commerce between people in different parts of the empire.

21. Cleopatra Music video