1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2. Organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and usually oxygen
Four main groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Basic Information –
Make up most of the solid parts of our bodies
Monomers – basic units
Polymerization
Dehydration Synthesis  Anabolic build up
Removal of water
Hydrolysis  catabolic break down
Split water

3. Organic compounds Carbohydrates Function: Elements
Energy
Structure/cell communication
Elements
C, H, O
Ratio 2:1 – H:O
Monomer – monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Glucose is main source of energy for cells
Aerobic Respiration
Sucrose – disaccharide; table sugar; two monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharide – long chains of monomers (glucose) bonded together
Glycogen – stores energy for in between meals
Stored in liver and muscle tissue
Starch – plant long term energy storage
Found in pasta, potatoes, grain (breads)
Cellulose – makes up cell walls
Not able to be digested
Helps things go through the digestive tract – Fiber

4. Organic compounds Lipids – fats; triglycerides Elements C, H, O
Ratio
TriGlycerides
Energy is stored in C-H bonds of fatty acids
Saturated fats
Linked to vascular disease – atherosclerosis
Animal fats, coconut and palm oils
Unsaturated fats
Healthier
Plant oils – peanut and corn oils
Main function – long term energy storage
More energy than carbs
Steroids – lipids with four rings of hydrocarbons
Cholesterol
Necessary
Health problems
Testosterone, estrogen – sex hormones
Stimulates changes that occur during puberty

6. Organic compounds Proteins Elements C, H, O and N (sometimes S)
Monomer – amino acids
Peptide Bonds
Order of A.A.
Shape
Genetics
Polymer – polypeptide
Hemoglobin
Insulin
Functions – most varied in biological systems
Structural
actin and myosin
Enzymes – regulate metabolism
See enzyme notes

7. Organic compounds Nucleic Acids (genetic information)
Elements C, H, O, N and P
Monomer: nucleotide
5 C sugar, phosphate and Nitrogen Base
Differ only in base
ATCG
Polymers: DNA and RNA
Order of the bases are essential for function
DNA - master copy
RNA (ribonucleic acid): - worker
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – energy molecules used by cells
Also a nucleic acid
Adenosine (adenine + ribose); 3 phosphate groups
Energy is stored between phosphate groups
Break bonds to release energy, form bonds to store energy

8. Organic compounds From Gene to Protein:
Gene – a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein
Controls cell activities by what proteins (enzymes) they code for
Order of bases determine what amino acids sequence is used in protein  function of individual proteins
Transcription – copying the DNA gene to a strand of mRNA
Translation – ribosomes assemble amino acids into the correct sequence
Knows the sequence by the mRNA code
Problems – Mutations
Def: changes in the DNA sequence
Change DNA sequence  change order of amino acids in protein  change shape of protein  destroy function
Sickle Cell anemia – point mutation
Changes hemoglobin molecules; one amino acid is different in polypeptide; inaffective at carrying oxygen
Frameshift mutations – changes entire amino acid sequence after mutation
Cancer – mutations in genes that control cell cycle
Oncogenes – turned on to make cells divide too quickly
Tumor Suppressor genes – turned off to make cells divide too quickly
Tumor – mass of nonfunctional cells that starve surrounding good cells