1. Biochemistry

3. Organic Molecules
Molecules that have a carbon skeleton and covalent carbon-hydrogen bonds
Can be man made

4. Carbon Can form 4 covalent bonds
Allows for molecular diversity in shape and length

5. Miller/Urey Experiment

6. Review of Functional Groups
ID the various functional groups in the following molecules…

8. Phosphate
Adenosine

10. Carboxyl group (COOH)
It’s a fatty acid… why acid?

12. Ethanol… alcohol in adult beverages
OH… looks like ____... Alcohol can make you do these types of things…

14. Alanine
Amino  NH2
Carboxyl  COOH (think about what this is going to do when in a solution)
What is alanine an example of? There are 20 of them.

16. Aldehyde
Think… formaldehyde stinks… put it on the end!
Ketone trick?

17. Proteins More than 50% of the dry weight of an organism
Made of smaller subunits (monomers) amino acids

18. Amino Acids Amino Group Carboxyl Group Hydrogen Atom
R group (20 different  different properties)

19. Proteins
Amino Acids connected by Peptide Bonds
Dipeptide
Polypeptide

21. Protein Structure
(a) A ribbon model
Groove
Figure 5.19

22. Protein Structure Primary- Chain of amino acids
Secondary- Due to H-Bonds between amino acids

24. Protein Structure Tertiary- “Active” Shape H-Bonds between R-groups
Ionic Bonds between R- groups
Nonpolarity (pushed together by water)
Sulfur bridges (covalent bond between 2 cysteines)
Van der waals attractions

25. Protein Structure Quarternary Structure
Joining of two or more polypeptide chains

27. (a) A ribbon model
Groove
Figure 5.19

28. Directions
Pick up an amino acid sequence, scissors, and tape
Grad JUST the amino acids you will need from the back and 9 water molecules (they’re in sheets of 13 so cut them apart)
Assemble your amino acids showing what must be removed to put your amino acids together
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1/GROUP (put both names on)

29. Questions to turn in at the end of the period
What is the polymer that is created when amino acids are bonded together?
What 2 functional groups are present on EVERY amino acid (name & draw)
If all amino acids share 2 functional groups then why are they different? EXPLAIN.
What reaction must occur in order to break a chain of amino acids into individual amino acids?
What must happen to a chain of amino acids to make it a protein?

30. Fig. 5.1 Shows all the functions proteins can have:

31. Groups Catalysts- Enzymes  speed up rates of chem. rxns
Structural- for support; hair, silk, connective tissue
Storage- source of amino acids for young

32. Groups Transport- of other substances
Hormonal- coordinates and directs regulation of organisms
Receptors- decide what comes in/out of cells

33. Groups Transcription factors- tells cells what to make
Motor- make up muscles, cilia, flagella, etc
Defensive- antibodies

34. Enzymes Organic Catalysts Lower Activation Energy
May need a coenzyme in order to function

36. Factors affecting enzymes
Do the Lab!!!

37. Isomers
Isomers- Molecules with same atoms but different arrangement and properties

40. Functional Groups
Groups of atoms that give a molecule specific properties

41. Hydroxyl
Alcohols

42. Carbonyl
Ketones, formaldehyde

43. Carboxyl
“Organic” Acids

44. Amino
Amino Acids

45. Sulfhydryl
Found in proteins

46. Phosphate
Phospholipids, Nucleotides OR

47. Building Macromolecules
Monomers- Small organic molecules that can be linked together
Polymers- Big things (monomers linked together)

48. Building Condensation (dehydration synthesis): connects 2 molecules.
One molecule loses an H, the other loses an OH
One water molecule is formed

49. Taking Apart
Hydrolysis- Breaking down a polymer
Requires a water molecule

51. Four Main Classes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

52. Carbohydrates
Sugars and their related compounds
Oxygen and Hydrogen in a 1:2 ratio
Energy stores or structure
Most end in -ose

53. Monosaccharide
Simple Sugars
Contain 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms

55. Monosaccharide Deoxyribose Five carbons In Nucleic Acids Glucose
Six carbons
Energy

56. Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides
Ex. lactose and sucrose

57. Polysaccharide Glycogen- Energy storage in animals
Starch- Energy storage in plants
Cellulose- Cell walls in plants
Chitin- Amino Sugars used in exoskeletons

58. Polysaccharides
Polymers made of monosaccharides

59. Lipids
Nonpolar
Mostly carbon and hydrogen
Excellent in storing energy
Also used in membranes and waterproof surfaces

60. Fatty Acids
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated

61. Three Fatty Acids PLUS One Glycerol
Triglycerides
Three Fatty Acids PLUS One Glycerol
Fats- have mostly saturated fatty acids (can be packed closer, so they are solid)
Oils- Unsaturated fatty acids (kinks make them liquid)

62. Triglycerides

63. Wax
One long fatty acid connected to one long alcohol
Waterproof

64. Steroids ?
Some Hormones
In Cell Membranes

65. Phospholipids
Two Fatty Acid Tails AND One Phosphate Group

66. Phospolipids Tails- Hydrophobic (water hating)
Head- Hydrophilic (water loving)

67. DNA and RNA Made of nucleotides Pentose sugar Phosphate group
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Made of nucleotides
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base (A, T, G, C, U)

68. Nitrogen Bases
Purines (2 rings): Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines (1 ring): Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

70. Nucleotides
Also act as coenzymes
ATP, GTP

71. Proteins More than 50% of the dry weight of an organism
Made of amino acids

72. Amino Acids Amino Group Carboxyl Group Hydrogen Atom
R group (20 different)

73. Proteins
Amino Acids connected by Peptide Bonds
Dipeptide
Polypeptide

75. Protein Structure Primary- Chain of amino acids
Secondary- Due to H-Bonds between amino acids

77. Protein Structure Tertiary- “Active” Shape H-Bonds between R-groups
Ionic Bonds between R- groups
Nonpolarity (pushed together by water)
Sulfur bridges (covalent bond between 2 cysteines)
Van der waals attractions

78. Protein Structure Quarternary Structure
Joining of two or more polypeptide chains

80. Groups Catalysts- Enzymes
Structural- for support; hair, silk, connective tissue
Storage- source of amino acids for young

81. Groups Transport- of other substances
Hormonal- coordinates and directs regulation of organisms
Receptors- decide what comes in/out of cells

82. Groups Transcription factors- tells cells what to make
Motor- make up muscles, cilia, flagella, etc
Defensive- antibodies

83. Enzymes Organic Catalysts Lower Activation Energy
May need a coenzyme in order to function

86. Factors affecting enzymes
Do the Lab!!!

87. Inhibition
Competitive- fight for the active site

88. Inhibition
Noncompetitive- inhibitor binds somewhere else (allosteric site)
Allosteric Enzyme- active site changes

90. Why?
Control Metabolism
Feedback
On/Off Switches