1. . Level 3 Air Conditioning Inspections for Buildings
4. Ozone Depletion and Regulations (Day 1)
PRESENTED BY
Anthony Balaam

2. Solar Radiation

3. Ozone Depletion
Greenhouse gases, which include certain types of refrigerant contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.
Image of largest hole in ozone layer over Antarctica as taken in September 2006.

4. Ozone Depletion
Contribution of Refrigerants:-
‘Hole’ in ozone layer was attributed to emissions of gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nitrous oxide and methyl bromide.
This was linked with the escape of refrigerants such as R11, R12 and R502.
This was a misconception as refrigerants only accounted for less than >10% of these harmful emissions.

5. Global Warming & Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Global Warming & Climate Change
Impact of refrigeration equipment is twofold:-
1. The release of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and Hydro Fluorocarbons (HFCs) refrigerants into the atmosphere which contributes to ‘global warming’.
2. The energy production (usually electricity from fossil fuels) needed to run refrigeration equipment contributes to ‘global warming’.

6. Ozone Depletion Potential Global Warming Potential
Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon essential for the survival of human life.
Mean global temperature has increased by 0.7K since 1900.
This is an acceleration of temperature rise.
Attributable to man-made emissions of CO2, e.g. Methane and CFC/HCFC/HFC gases.
Table on right shows Global Warming Potential as compared to CO2.
Refrigerant
Ozone Depletion Potential
Global Warming Potential
R11 (CFC-11) 1
3800
R12 (CFC-12)
8100
R22 (HCFC-22)
0.05
1700
R134a (HFC-134a)
1300
R404A (HFC-404A)
3748
R407C (HFC-407C)
1610
R410A (HFC-410A)
1890
R717 (ammonia)
R290 (propane) 3
R600a (isobutene)
Carbon dioxide C0ƨ

7. Phasing Out of Harmful Refrigerants
Ozone Depletion
Phasing Out of Harmful Refrigerants
The Montreal Protocol in 1987 began the phase out of harmful refrigerants.
The Montreal Protocol:-
“EC Regulation 2037/2000 on Substances that deplete the ozone layer” accelerated the phase out programme and was further amended by EC Regulation 2038/2000 and EC Regulation 2039/2000. (…FOLLOWING SLIDE…)

8. Total Equivalent Warming Impact
Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI)
which is a method of assessing global warming potential from refrigeration.
It combines direct contribution of refrigerant leakage into the atmosphere, with indirect contributions of CO2 emissions from lifecycle energy requirements.
TEWI = (GWP × L × n) + (GWP × m (1 - αrec)) +(n × Eann × β)
Where: GWP is the global warming potential
L is the leakage rate per year (kg)
n is the operating life of the system
m is the refrigerant charge (kg)
αrec is the recycling factor
Eann is the annual energy consumption (kW.h)
β is the CO2 emission per kWh of energy consumed

9. Total Equivalent Warming Impact
Every building with refrigeration plant requires its own TEWI calculation.
Example shows that the greatest global warming impact can be from the
1.energy consumption for the operation of the plant as opposed to 2.refrigerant leakage.
Average refrigerant leakage rates are as high as 10% of the charge annually.

10. EC table 2037/2038/2039

11. F-Gas What is a F-Gas Inspection?
European Union is commited to reduce the emissions of ‘flourinated greenhouse gases’ as outlined by the Kyoto Protocol.
EC Regulation 842/2006 (the F-Gas Regulation) is the legal instrument by which the emissions reductions of certain fluorinated gases are to be delivered.
1. Requires leakage checks to be carried out;
2. completion of repairs;
3. recovery of gases without escape to atmosphere;
4. certified personnel and companies to be used;
5. labels to be used on some equipment;
6. information to be reported to the commission;
7. bans on some F gas products.

12. European Parliament Building Directive (EPBD)
Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings:
Article 7
Energy performance certificate
Article 8
Inspection of boilers
Article 9
Inspection of air-conditioning systems:-
With regard to reducing energy consumption and limiting carbon dioxide emissions, Member States shall lay down the necessary measures to establish a regular inspection of air-conditioning systems of an effective rated output of more than >12kW.
This inspection shall include an assessment of the air-conditioning efficiency and the sizing compared to the cooling requirements of the building. Appropriate advice shall be provided to the users on possible improvement or replacement of the air-conditioning system and on alternative solutions.
Article 10
Independent experts

13. UK Climate Change Levy (CCL)
Came into place in 2001.
To encourage non-domestic energy users to improve efficiency of their systems.
Necessary to demonstrate that refrigeration systems have been designed, installed and commissioned to maximise energy efficiency.
Set at 0.15p/kWh for gas and 0.43p/kWh for electricity.
Was initially offset by a cut in employers ‘National Insurance Contribution’
100% first-year ‘Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA)’ for designated energy saving technology.
Expected to add 15% to the cost of energy for all UK businesses.
Includes: evaporative condensers, liquid pressure amplification systems, automatic air purgers, automatic leak detection systems, absorption chillers driven by qualifying Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, efficient compressors, variable speed motor drives, pipe insulation.

14. Reference Material
DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on the “Energy Performance of Buildings” DIRECTIVE EC 2037/2000 (and Amendments 2038 & 2039) Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on “Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer” DIRECTIVE EC 842/2006 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on “Certain Fluorinated Gases” “Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2008”, Statutory Instrument 2008 No.41, Office of Public Sector Information “Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration”, CIBSE Guide B, Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, 2005 “CIBSE KS13: Refrigeration”, CIBSE Knowledge Series, Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, 2008

15. LEVEL 3 Air Conditioning ENERGY ASSESSORS TRAINING
ANY QUESTIONS OR FEEDBACK ON ANY SLIDE
Any questions or clarity needed over this topic and slides 15

16. Contacts:- STROMA Certification Ltd – Contacts Web Links
Contacts:-
STROMA Certification Ltd.
4 Pioneer Way, Castleford, WF10 5QU

17. End of this section