1. Solutions

2. Mixtures
A substance made up of 2 or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined and can be separated
2 classifications
1. Homogeneous--> mixtures that are spread out evenly
Ex. solutions
2. Heterogeneous--> mixtures are not spread out evenly
Ex. Colloids and suspensions

3. KoolAid & Salt Water are examples of Homogeneous Mixtures
Rice Krispy Bars, Paint & Pizza are examples of Heterogeneous Mixtures

4. What is a solution? A homogeneous mixture Ex. saltwater
Made of 2 parts
1. Solute--> the substance that is considered to be dissolved (salt)
2. Solvent--> the substance in which the solute is dissolved (H2O)

5. How can you tell which is the solute and solvent?
If 2 substances in the solution were in different phases, the one that changed phase is the solute (salt), and the substance that did not change phase is the solvent (H2O)
If 2 substances are in the same phase originally, the substance in smaller amount is usually the solute (40 g alcohol), and the substance is greater quantity is usually the solvent (60 g H2O)

6. Which is the solute and solvent?
75% Cu and 25% Zn = brass alloy
CO2(g) and H2O(l) =
carbonated beverage
O2(g) and air

7. Properties of Solutions
Very small particle size: .01 nm-1 nm
Do not separate upon standing
Are transparent
Cannot be separated by filtration
Particles do not display the Tyndall Effect: the particles are too small to scatter light
Homogeneous

8. Examples of Solutions Sucrose in H2O Food coloring in H2O
Sodium Borate in H2O
Carbonated Beverages
Alloys (2 or more metals)
H2O vapor in air

9. Colloids A heterogeneous mixture May or may not be transparent
Medium particle size: 1 nm nm
Do not separate upon standing
Cannot be separated by filtration
Particles display the Tyndall Effect: the particles are large enough to scatter light

10. Examples of Colloids
Gelatin in H2O
Milk
Clouds

11. Suspensions A heterogeneous mixture Are not transparent
Large particle size: over 1000 nm
Particles settle out
Can be separated by filtration
May or may not display the Tyndall Effect

12. Examples of Suspensions
Clay in H2O
Cooking oil in H2O
Spoiled milk

13. More about Solutions
Solutions in which H2O is the solvent are called aqueous
If H2O cannot act as the solvent, another liquid will
Ex. CCl4 & C6H6 will act as fat solvents in the body
Solutions in which alcohol is the solvent are called tinctures
Ex: Betadine solution (I2 crystals dissolved in CH3OH)

14. When 2 liquids dissolve in one another, they are said to be miscible
When 2 liquids do not dissolve in one another, they are said to be immiscible
Make sure to use these terms when describing the solubility of liquids in one another!!!
Ex. Ethanol is miscible in H2O
Ex. Oil is immiscible in H2O

15. Alloys are solutions made up of 2 or more metals
Ex. Brass 70%Cu and 30% Zn
Ex. Sterling silver (Cu & Silver)
Ex. Amalgam--> an alloy made Hg and other metals that is used to make dental fillings

16. What makes something an electrolyte?
An electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in H2O that conducts an electric current
A substance must have ions (+ and - charged particles) to be an electrolyte
Electrolytes may be classified as “strong” or “weak” depending on how many ions they produce in solution
Examples include: sodium chloride (NaCl), in water and potassium phosphate (K3PO4) in water.

17. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that dissolves in H2O that does not conduct an electric current
Nonelectrolytes contain a polar solute
Examples include: sucrose C12H22O11 in water, ethanol in water, glycerine in water.