1. Political Consolidation in 19th Century Europe and North America
24.0 | As stated

2. Nationalism
People joined by common language, culture, history, et cetera
Feel that they should rule themselves (France)
Opposed Congress of Vienna 1815
Monarchies’ response to nationalism
Enlightenment and liberalism
Belgium 1830

3. Liberalism sweeps Europe
Attempts to reform governments fail (CoV)
Economic downturn
Decembrist Revolt Russia 1825
Nicolas I’s Tsarist autocracy dominates
Revolutions [Belgium; France Les Mis] 1830
Compromise in Great Britain 1832
Exemplary liberal state

4. 1848: The Year of Revolutions
Since 1789, nations in Europe pushed for change via revolutions
1848 saw liberal and nationalistic revolutions across Europe
America too, succumbed to sectionalism brought on by the times
By 1861 America would fight the Civil War
Canada was divided by its new rule after 1763
Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French)
The Canada Act 1840 = virtual autonomy – foreign policy

5. The end of the “Revolutionary Era”
1776 and 1789 set a mood of revolutionary fervor
1848 ended this mood
“Revolutions” must become political

6. The Crimean War 1854-6 Several things on the table
Russian and Ottoman tensions in the region
British and French interest in the Mediterranean
Prussian and Austrian political clout
Russia invades; Britain and France back the Ottomans
Results
Russian invincibility [since Napoleon] shattered
Concert of Europe [CoV and honeymoon] shattered
Ottoman weakness

7. Italy becomes Italy The fragmented states Italy and issues
Piedmont-Sardinia and Count Camillo Cavour
Aligned with France to gain assistance in unification
Plotted war with Austria (influence in Northern Italy)
P-S and Austria go to war 1859 [Northern Italy gains]
Nationalist zeal in Italy would slowly unify the regions
1870 all of Italy unified

8. Germany Becomes Germany
Wilhelm I (r )
Otto von Bismarck [Junker] Prime Minister
France as threat to German unification
Prussia/Austria = Keep France weak
“Blood and Iron”
War with Denmark [Schleswig-Holstein]
Franco-Prussian War
Treaty of Versailles 1871 [Germany]

9. The Balkan “Powder Keg”
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Issues with ethnicities (two crowns)
The Ottoman Empire too
Nationalist tensions and separatism
Greece 1832
Regional autonomy

10. Zionism and the Jewish Homeland
The Babylonian Captivity and Titus 70 AD
Jewish persecutions throughout history
The Dreyfus Affair
The Jewish “homeland”
Hungarian Theodor Herzl f. 1896
Zionism and the Jewish state in Palestine