1. Journal #29 Impressment – forcing people to serve in the army or navy
Embargo – the banning of trade, usually against another country

2. The Coming of War and the War of 1812

3. Danger on the High Seas
The state of Algiers was one of several North African lands known as the Barbary States
These countries practiced piracy and held foreign citizens for ransom – the pirates are called Barbary Pirates
Many countries, including the U.S. paid the Barbary States to protect their ships and citizens
The U.S. Navy is eventually sent to end the pirate raids

4. More Trouble on the High Seas
When Great Britain and France go to war in 1803
They both want to stop the U.S. from supplying the other side
Britain passes an act allowing their navy to search and seize ships going to France
France declares that nobody can ship goods to Britain
The British and French capture many American ships, the British look for sailors who left the British navy and make them return to their ships
1807 – the British Leonard stops and opens fire on the U.S. Chesapeake

5. A Trade War
How should the U.S. respond to Britain’s violation of our neutrality?
War?
Embargo?
Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo – in 1807 they pass the Embargo Act – which bans foreign trade
The Embargo Act was meant to punish Britain and France but it hurt American merchants instead – the Federalists gain power
Congress replaced the unpopular law with the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809
Banned trade with Britain and France
Stated that the U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped violating U.S. neutrality – AKA taking our ships

6. Problems on the U.S. Frontier
Disagreements between Britain and the U.S. went further than the issue on the seas
In the early 1800s, thousands of American settlers were entering the Northwest Territory
Native Americans were upset – the U.S. had gained much of this land from the Treaty of Grenville
Many Indian leaders had not agreed to this treaty
Britain wanted to control the growth of the U.S. – they give military aid to American Indians on the frontier

7. Tecumseh
Shawnee chief who was one of the most influential and talented Indian leaders of the early 1800s
Skilled military leader and public speaker
“Where are the once powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the greed and oppression of the white man, as snow before a summer sun.” ~ Tecumseh
Tecumseh wanted to unite the tribes of the Northwest, South, and eastern Mississippi Valley with the help of his brother – the Prophet
Tecumseh created a village for his followers near the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers

8. War on the Frontier
William Henry Harrison – governor of Indiana Territory believed that Tecumseh was a serious threat the America
Harrison and Tecumseh met face to face in 1810 – they did not come to an agreement
Tecumseh travels south to the Creek nation
While Tecumseh is gone, Harrison attacks the village of Tecumseh’s followers
Harrison’s soldiers win the Battle of Tippecanoe and destroy Tecumseh’s village – Tecumseh and the Prophet lose support

9. Battle of Tippecanoe

10. The War Debate People in the U.S. were angry with Britain
War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Britain
Henry Clay of Kentucky
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
War Hawks wanted to defend the countries honor and add land to the U.S.
New England Federalists were against the war – they wanted to renew friendly business ties with Britain
Others were worried that our military was too weak to fight the powerful British

11. A Declaration of War
James Madison, a Republican elected in 1808, faced many difficult decisions as president
In a speech to Congress in 1812, Madison complains about Britain’s conduct and asks Congress to decide what to do
Representatives of the southern and western states vote for war – many states in the northeast vote for peace
The War Hawks win and war is declared against Britain in 1812, weeks later Madison is re-elected

12. The War of 1812
10.4

13. The First Battle of the War
In August 1812 the USS Constitution met the British Guerriere off the coast of Canada
The Constitutions first cannon blast rocked the Guerriere like “the shock of an earthquake”
When the British returned fire a cannonball bounced off the side of the Constitution
The Constitution’s victory shocked many people
The British had hundreds of ships – the U.S. less than 20

14. U.S. Advantages on the Seas
The U.S. paid privately owned ships to attack British merchant ships
Most of the British navy was scattered around the globe
The newly built U.S. ships were well built and carried more cannons than British ships
Eventually the British bring more ships to America and blockade American seaports

15. The Canadian Border
The U.S. wanted to invade Canada with 3 separate armies
Before they get there the British and Indians led by Tecumseh capture Fort Detroit
The British take over the Great Lakes by the end of 1812
In 1813, the U.S. strikes back by burning the Canadian capital York – they want to take back Lake Erie also

16. The Battle of Lake Erie
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry builds a small fleet of ships and sails out to meet the British on Sept. 10, 1813
The Battle of Lake Erie lasted more than three hours, before the British surrendered
This victory gives the U.S. new hope

17. The Battle of the Thames
October 1813, General Harrison’s U.S. troops catch up to the British near the Thames River in Canada
The U.S. troops charge into the British and Indian force, the British retreat – the Indians do not
Eventually Tecumseh is killed – weakening the Indian British alliance around the Great Lakes
This battle broke the British power on the Northwest frontier and secured the U.S./Canada border

18. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend
In 1813 Creek Indians led by chief Red Eagle begin to attack the U.S., destroying Fort Mims in Alabama
Andrew Jackson, a general in the Tennessee militia led his soldiers south to fight the Creek
In 1814, Jackson attacks the main creek base in Alabama at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Jackson won a convincing victory, causing Red Eagle to surrender and the Creek to give up millions of acres of land

19. The British on the Offensive
Even though the U.S. was winning in the West and South, in the East the U.S. was in danger
The British had defeated the French in and sent more troops to the U.S.
They had the Atlantic blockaded and moved to attack Washington D.C.

20. Washington D.C. is Burned
James Madison and his advisors are forced to flee
Dolly Madison stayed behind long enough to save a famous portrait of George Washington
The British set fire to the White House and other government buildings in Washington
Payback for York in Canada

21. The Attack on Fort McHenry
After burning Washington, the British move on to Baltimore, Maryland which was guarded by Fort McHenry
The British fleet shelled the fort for 25 hours but the Americans refused to surrender – the British retreat
Francis Scott Key witnessed the attack on Fort McHenry and wrote the words to “The Star-Spangled Banner”

22. The Battle of New Orleans
After the attack on Washington and Baltimore the British launch an attack on New Orleans
They wanted to take control of the Mississippi River
Andrew Jackson was in control of U.S. forces around New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans began on January 8, 1815 – 5,300 British attacked Jackson’s 4,500
The British began marching toward the U.S. troops under the cover of fog – suddenly the fog lifted
The British troops were killed with frightening speed – the British suffered 2,000 casualties while the U.S. suffered 70

23. The War of 1812

24. Ending the War
Before the Battle of New Orleans, New England Federalists gathered at Hartford, Connecticut in 1814
This is known as the Hartford Convention – the Federalists opposed the war, some wanted to withdraw from the U.S.
Before the Federalists reached Washington, news broke that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed in December – before the Battle of New Orleans