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J. Munro – Highroad Academy

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1 J. Munro – Highroad Academy
Introduction to Biology The Classification Of Living Things J. Munro – Highroad Academy

2 Careers of Biologists 1- Technical School (eg. B.C.I.T)
a) lab technician (hospital, environmental lab) - routine lab tests; biological and chemical b) teacher aid (high school/college) - preparation of labs, marking c) fish, wildlife, agricultural technicians - make observations (eg. count sheep), keep records, maintain equipment d) practical nurse - keep records, comfort

3 2- University (BSc) a) research(minor) or in industry - consulting companies, mining etc. b) teaching - high school c) silviculturist - forest management d) computer technologist

4 3- Advanced degree (MSc, PhD)
a) research director - plans, designs, research programs b) professor - research and teach college/university c) administrator - oversee budgets/groups d) doctor/pharmacist

5 Realm of Biology Science - a way of learning about the natural world.
- does not “prove” Technology - the application of scientific knowledge to practical applications eg) metal strength - bridges fish hormones - raise bigger fish in fish farms Theory - a major (important) hypothesis that has been tested many times by different scientists and explains many observations.

6 Characteristics of Life
What traits do all living things share?

7 Composed of Cells Cells are the basics component of all living things
Unicellular and Multi cellular organisms exist

8 Require Energy Require energy to carry out life processes
This is a molecule of ATP the energy currency of cells

9 Reproduce Continue the species Sexual or Asexual

10 Display Heredity Inherit Traits from parent organism

11 Respond to Stimuli Respond to their environment

12 Maintain Homeostasis Maintain internal balance

13 Six Basic Concepts in Biology

14 i). Unity/Diversity a) Diversity - infinite variety of life, no two individuals are identical b) Unity - many common patterns eg) all inheritance is through DNA in every living organism and cell

15 ii). Interaction - living things affect, and are affected by their surroundings

16 iii). Structure/Function
- almost every structure an organism has one or more specific functions

17 iv). Continuity - life cannot arise from non-living things, it is continuous. eg) your life began from two already living cells etc.

18 v). Homeostasis - maintaining a constant internal balance eg) inside cell, body temp. etc.

19 vi). Change through time
- organisms living today are different from those in the past. - eg) fossils

20 Levels of Spectrum of Biology

21 1. Atoms - smallest particle of an element
2. Molecules - two or more atoms making the smallest piece of a compound - organic compound - any compound containing carbon and hydrogen - eg) C6H12O6, etc.

22 3. Cytoplasm - a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds forming the “living” material of cells
4. Cell - the smallest unit of life. All more complex forms of life are made up of cells.

23 5. Tissue - a group of specialized cells performing the same function (eg. muscle, fat etc.)
6. Organs - a group of tissues working together to carry out a set of functions (eg. heart)

24 7. System - a group of organs that carry out a major body function
- eg) circulatory system(heart, arteries, capillaries, veins etc.) 8. Organism - an independent, functioning living thing

25 9. Population - a group of similar organisms (species)
10. Community - a collection of different populations within a natural area

26 11. Ecosystem - a community(s) and non-living parts of the environment (weather, soil, etc)
12. Biome - major areas of the earth characterized by certain life forms and maintained by the climate(climate= the average long term weather pattern) - eg) Tropical Rain forest, Tundra

27 13. Biosphere - the layer of the earth that contains all living organisms
- deepest part of ocean to the farthest point of the atmosphere that contains airborne bacteria

28

29 4. Classification levels of organisms
- ordering and grouping of organisms using a system - only 15% of all living species (est. 10 million) have been classified - based primarily on degree of ancestral relationship

30 Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals

31 Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Classification system
Taxonomic groups of related organisms Organisms have a unique name Binomial nomenclature (two names) Homo sapiens Dermacentor andersoni Wood Tick

32 eg) Turdus migratorius (common name is robin) genus specific name
- all organisms grouped in the same genus are thought to be very close relatives - the genus name is unique; no other group of living things has this genus name. - the specific name is unique only to that genus. Other genus may use migratorius as a specific name

33 Species - there are several kinds of species
- the “classical” kind is defined as “ any organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce like offspring are said to belong to the same species” - does not include animals that can be mated artificially(in lab) and produce offspring

34 Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr

35 Advantages of Scientific rather than common names
1. Each species has only one scientific name 2. No two different species will have the same scientific name 3. Scientific names are recognized worldwide 4. Scientific names do not change meaning (Latin) 5. Scientific names give information to probable ancestry or behavior

36 Beyond Genus Common genus members are grouped into a Family
Common families are grouped into an Order Common orders are grouped into a Class Common classes are grouped into a Phylum Common phylum are grouped into a Kingdom

37 Classification of Man Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia
Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens

38 Taxonomic Groups

39

40 Kingdom - least specific(many kinds of organisms)
Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Specific name - most specific(only one kind of organism)

41 5. 5 Kingdoms system. Kingdom Characteristics Examples
Monera Unicellular, Prokaryotic Bacteria Protista Unicellular, Eucaryotic Ameba, Paramecium Fungi Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Mushrooms, Cell walls Molds Plantae Multicellular, Autotrophic, Rose, Apple Cellulose cell walls Moss Animalia Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Dog, Goldfish, Ingestive Ant

42

43 Five Kingdom System of Classification

44 A Newer Idea: The Three Domain System: Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Eukarya We will stick with the old system

45 Three Domain System Based Upon rRNA

46 * * Archaea

47 Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA
Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only

48 Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall peptidoglycan

49 Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food

50 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Chitin Absorb food

51 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Produce food
Cellulose Produce food photosynthesis

52 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food
Motile

53 Define: Unicellular Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Ingestive.

54 Different Species

55 Terminology Classification Taxonomy Systematics Phylogeny
Assigning organisms to different categories based on their relationship Taxonomy The science of naming organisms Systematics Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny Evolutionary history

56 Classification Phylogenetics Cladistics Traditionalists
Clad-portion of a cladogram Contains a common ancestor and all descendant species All organisms in a clad exhibit the same characteristic Arranged with the least amount of branching possible Traditionalists Also consider descent from a common ancestor But include consideration of amount of evolutionary change when grouping organisms supplement

57 Cladogram

58 Traditional versus Cladistic Views

59 Cladogram How scientists attempt to show relationship among organisms
Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later

60 Cladogram for Transportation
Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived

61 Construct a Cladogram

62 Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail

63 Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail

64 Lizard Four limbs Tail

65 Fish Tail

66 Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail

67 Clad With 4 Limbs

68 Clad With Fur

69 Clad With No Tail

70 Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram
Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait

71 Gorilla Chimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs

72 Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships
More historical than cladogram

73 Echinodermata Uniramia Chelicerata Chordata Crustacea Protochordates
Lophophorates Crustacea Protochordates Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Mollusca Other pseudocoelomates Nemertea Platyhelminthes Nematoda Ctenophora Cnidaria Mesozoa Placozoa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Porifera Apicomplexa Microspora Myxozoa

74 Each Group of Organisms is Characterized by it’s Anatomical and Behavioral Features
These traits are used to develop hypotheses about relationships and to determine where one species ends and another begins.

75 Fish Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth

76 Amphibian 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth

77 Reptile 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth

78 Bird 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic

79 Mammal 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair
Endothermic

80 Asymmetry

81 Radial Symmetry

82 Bilateral Symmetry

83 Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bilateral Symmetry Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane 7-9

84 Anatomical Terms Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral
Head end (front side in upright man) Posterior Tail end (back side in upright man) Dorsal Back side Ventral Belly side

85 Anatomical Terms (cont)
Medial Close to the middle Lateral Close to the side Distal Away from the main part Proximal Close to the main part

86 Anatomical Terms (cont)
Oral End with the mouth Aboral Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic Toward head Caudal Toward tail

87 Le Fin

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